Merge pull request #251 from chriseth/bind2

Bind library functions to types.

14 files changed, 430 insertions, 292 deletions

diff --git a/libsolidity/analysis/NameAndTypeResolver.h b/libsolidity/analysis/NameAndTypeResolver.h
index 0d9b2477..1547a274 100644
--- a/libsolidity/analysis/NameAndTypeResolver.h
+++ b/libsolidity/analysis/NameAndTypeResolver.h
@@ -160,8 +160,8 @@ private:
 	void fatalDeclarationError(SourceLocation _sourceLocation, std::string const& _description);
 
 	std::map<ASTNode const*, DeclarationContainer>& m_scopes;
-	Declaration const* m_currentScope;
-	VariableScope* m_currentFunction;
+	Declaration const* m_currentScope = nullptr;
+	VariableScope* m_currentFunction = nullptr;
 	ErrorList& m_errors;
 };
 
diff --git a/libsolidity/analysis/ReferencesResolver.cpp b/libsolidity/analysis/ReferencesResolver.cpp
index e5b1c52b..17f93029 100644
--- a/libsolidity/analysis/ReferencesResolver.cpp
+++ b/libsolidity/analysis/ReferencesResolver.cpp
@@ -31,28 +31,6 @@ using namespace dev;
 using namespace dev::solidity;
 
 
-bool ReferencesResolver::visit(Return const& _return)
-{
-	_return.annotation().functionReturnParameters = m_returnParameters;
-	return true;
-}
-
-void ReferencesResolver::endVisit(NewExpression const& _new)
-{
-	typeFor(_new.typeName());
-}
-
-bool ReferencesResolver::visit(UserDefinedTypeName const& _typeName)
-{
-	Declaration const* declaration = m_resolver.pathFromCurrentScope(_typeName.namePath());
-	if (!declaration)
-		fatalDeclarationError(_typeName.location(), "Identifier not found or not unique.");
-
-	_typeName.annotation().referencedDeclaration = declaration;
-
-	return true;
-}
-
 bool ReferencesResolver::resolve(ASTNode const& _root)
 {
 	try
@@ -79,6 +57,67 @@ bool ReferencesResolver::visit(Identifier const& _identifier)
 	return false;
 }
 
+bool ReferencesResolver::visit(ElementaryTypeName const& _typeName)
+{
+	_typeName.annotation().type = Type::fromElementaryTypeName(_typeName.typeName());
+	return true;
+}
+
+void ReferencesResolver::endVisit(UserDefinedTypeName const& _typeName)
+{
+	Declaration const* declaration = m_resolver.pathFromCurrentScope(_typeName.namePath());
+	if (!declaration)
+		fatalDeclarationError(_typeName.location(), "Identifier not found or not unique.");
+
+	_typeName.annotation().referencedDeclaration = declaration;
+
+	if (StructDefinition const* structDef = dynamic_cast<StructDefinition const*>(declaration))
+		_typeName.annotation().type = make_shared<StructType>(*structDef);
+	else if (EnumDefinition const* enumDef = dynamic_cast<EnumDefinition const*>(declaration))
+		_typeName.annotation().type = make_shared<EnumType>(*enumDef);
+	else if (ContractDefinition const* contract = dynamic_cast<ContractDefinition const*>(declaration))
+		_typeName.annotation().type = make_shared<ContractType>(*contract);
+	else
+		fatalTypeError(_typeName.location(), "Name has to refer to a struct, enum or contract.");
+}
+
+void ReferencesResolver::endVisit(Mapping const& _typeName)
+{
+	TypePointer keyType = _typeName.keyType().annotation().type;
+	TypePointer valueType = _typeName.valueType().annotation().type;
+	// Convert key type to memory.
+	keyType = ReferenceType::copyForLocationIfReference(DataLocation::Memory, keyType);
+	// Convert value type to storage reference.
+	valueType = ReferenceType::copyForLocationIfReference(DataLocation::Storage, valueType);
+	_typeName.annotation().type = make_shared<MappingType>(keyType, valueType);
+}
+
+void ReferencesResolver::endVisit(ArrayTypeName const& _typeName)
+{
+	TypePointer baseType = _typeName.baseType().annotation().type;
+	if (baseType->storageBytes() == 0)
+		fatalTypeError(_typeName.baseType().location(), "Illegal base type of storage size zero for array.");
+	if (Expression const* length = _typeName.length())
+	{
+		if (!length->annotation().type)
+			ConstantEvaluator e(*length);
+
+		auto const* lengthType = dynamic_cast<IntegerConstantType const*>(length->annotation().type.get());
+		if (!lengthType)
+			fatalTypeError(length->location(), "Invalid array length.");
+		else
+			_typeName.annotation().type = make_shared<ArrayType>(DataLocation::Storage, baseType, lengthType->literalValue(nullptr));
+	}
+	else
+		_typeName.annotation().type = make_shared<ArrayType>(DataLocation::Storage, baseType);
+}
+
+bool ReferencesResolver::visit(Return const& _return)
+{
+	_return.annotation().functionReturnParameters = m_returnParameters;
+	return true;
+}
+
 void ReferencesResolver::endVisit(VariableDeclaration const& _variable)
 {
 	if (_variable.annotation().type)
@@ -87,7 +126,7 @@ void ReferencesResolver::endVisit(VariableDeclaration const& _variable)
 	TypePointer type;
 	if (_variable.typeName())
 	{
-		type = typeFor(*_variable.typeName());
+		type = _variable.typeName()->annotation().type;
 		using Location = VariableDeclaration::Location;
 		Location loc = _variable.referenceLocation();
 		// References are forced to calldata for external function parameters (not return)
@@ -167,61 +206,6 @@ void ReferencesResolver::endVisit(VariableDeclaration const& _variable)
 	_variable.annotation().type = type;
 }
 
-TypePointer ReferencesResolver::typeFor(TypeName const& _typeName)
-{
-	if (_typeName.annotation().type)
-		return _typeName.annotation().type;
-
-	TypePointer type;
-	if (auto elemTypeName = dynamic_cast<ElementaryTypeName const*>(&_typeName))
-		type = Type::fromElementaryTypeName(elemTypeName->typeName());
-	else if (auto typeName = dynamic_cast<UserDefinedTypeName const*>(&_typeName))
-	{
-		Declaration const* declaration = typeName->annotation().referencedDeclaration;
-		solAssert(!!declaration, "");
-
-		if (StructDefinition const* structDef = dynamic_cast<StructDefinition const*>(declaration))
-			type = make_shared<StructType>(*structDef);
-		else if (EnumDefinition const* enumDef = dynamic_cast<EnumDefinition const*>(declaration))
-			type = make_shared<EnumType>(*enumDef);
-		else if (ContractDefinition const* contract = dynamic_cast<ContractDefinition const*>(declaration))
-			type = make_shared<ContractType>(*contract);
-		else
-			fatalTypeError(typeName->location(), "Name has to refer to a struct, enum or contract.");
-	}
-	else if (auto mapping = dynamic_cast<Mapping const*>(&_typeName))
-	{
-		TypePointer keyType = typeFor(mapping->keyType());
-		TypePointer valueType = typeFor(mapping->valueType());
-		// Convert key type to memory.
-		keyType = ReferenceType::copyForLocationIfReference(DataLocation::Memory, keyType);
-		// Convert value type to storage reference.
-		valueType = ReferenceType::copyForLocationIfReference(DataLocation::Storage, valueType);
-		type = make_shared<MappingType>(keyType, valueType);
-	}
-	else if (auto arrayType = dynamic_cast<ArrayTypeName const*>(&_typeName))
-	{
-		TypePointer baseType = typeFor(arrayType->baseType());
-		if (baseType->storageBytes() == 0)
-			fatalTypeError(arrayType->baseType().location(), "Illegal base type of storage size zero for array.");
-		if (Expression const* length = arrayType->length())
-		{
-			if (!length->annotation().type)
-				ConstantEvaluator e(*length);
-
-			auto const* lengthType = dynamic_cast<IntegerConstantType const*>(length->annotation().type.get());
-			if (!lengthType)
-				fatalTypeError(length->location(), "Invalid array length.");
-			else
-				type = make_shared<ArrayType>(DataLocation::Storage, baseType, lengthType->literalValue(nullptr));
-		}
-		else
-			type = make_shared<ArrayType>(DataLocation::Storage, baseType);
-	}
-
-	return _typeName.annotation().type = move(type);
-}
-
 void ReferencesResolver::typeError(SourceLocation const& _location, string const& _description)
 {
 	auto err = make_shared<Error>(Error::Type::TypeError);
diff --git a/libsolidity/analysis/ReferencesResolver.h b/libsolidity/analysis/ReferencesResolver.h
index 6f5ced8c..a2d71dc3 100644
--- a/libsolidity/analysis/ReferencesResolver.h
+++ b/libsolidity/analysis/ReferencesResolver.h
@@ -60,13 +60,13 @@ public:
 private:
 	virtual bool visit(Block const&) override { return m_resolveInsideCode; }
 	virtual bool visit(Identifier const& _identifier) override;
-	virtual bool visit(UserDefinedTypeName const& _typeName) override;
+	virtual bool visit(ElementaryTypeName const& _typeName) override;
+	virtual void endVisit(UserDefinedTypeName const& _typeName) override;
+	virtual void endVisit(Mapping const& _typeName) override;
+	virtual void endVisit(ArrayTypeName const& _typeName) override;
 	virtual bool visit(Return const& _return) override;
-	virtual void endVisit(NewExpression const& _new) override;
 	virtual void endVisit(VariableDeclaration const& _variable) override;
 
-	TypePointer typeFor(TypeName const& _typeName);
-
 	/// Adds a new error to the list of errors.
 	void typeError(SourceLocation const& _location, std::string const& _description);
 
diff --git a/libsolidity/analysis/TypeChecker.cpp b/libsolidity/analysis/TypeChecker.cpp
index 1d2d0258..851266bd 100644
--- a/libsolidity/analysis/TypeChecker.cpp
+++ b/libsolidity/analysis/TypeChecker.cpp
@@ -356,7 +356,16 @@ void TypeChecker::endVisit(InheritanceSpecifier const& _inheritance)
 				" to " +
 				parameterTypes[i]->toString() +
 				" requested."
-			);
+						);
+}
+
+void TypeChecker::endVisit(UsingForDirective const& _usingFor)
+{
+	ContractDefinition const* library = dynamic_cast<ContractDefinition const*>(
+		_usingFor.libraryName().annotation().referencedDeclaration
+	);
+	if (!library || !library->isLibrary())
+		typeError(_usingFor.libraryName().location(), "Library name expected.");
 }
 
 bool TypeChecker::visit(StructDefinition const& _struct)
@@ -1119,7 +1128,7 @@ bool TypeChecker::visit(MemberAccess const& _memberAccess)
 		for (auto it = possibleMembers.begin(); it != possibleMembers.end();)
 			if (
 				it->type->category() == Type::Category::Function &&
-				!dynamic_cast<FunctionType const&>(*it->type).canTakeArguments(*argumentTypes)
+				!dynamic_cast<FunctionType const&>(*it->type).canTakeArguments(*argumentTypes, exprType)
 			)
 				it = possibleMembers.erase(it);
 			else
@@ -1154,6 +1163,15 @@ bool TypeChecker::visit(MemberAccess const& _memberAccess)
 	auto& annotation = _memberAccess.annotation();
 	annotation.referencedDeclaration = possibleMembers.front().declaration;
 	annotation.type = possibleMembers.front().type;
+
+	if (auto funType = dynamic_cast<FunctionType const*>(annotation.type.get()))
+		if (funType->bound() && !exprType->isImplicitlyConvertibleTo(*funType->selfType()))
+			typeError(
+				_memberAccess.location(),
+				"Function \"" + memberName + "\" cannot be called on an object of type " +
+				exprType->toString() + " (expected " + funType->selfType()->toString() + ")"
+			);
+
 	if (exprType->category() == Type::Category::Struct)
 		annotation.isLValue = true;
 	else if (exprType->category() == Type::Category::Array)
diff --git a/libsolidity/analysis/TypeChecker.h b/libsolidity/analysis/TypeChecker.h
index 9563d4a9..7829a23d 100644
--- a/libsolidity/analysis/TypeChecker.h
+++ b/libsolidity/analysis/TypeChecker.h
@@ -76,6 +76,7 @@ private:
 	void checkLibraryRequirements(ContractDefinition const& _contract);
 
 	virtual void endVisit(InheritanceSpecifier const& _inheritance) override;
+	virtual void endVisit(UsingForDirective const& _usingFor) override;
 	virtual bool visit(StructDefinition const& _struct) override;
 	virtual bool visit(FunctionDefinition const& _function) override;
 	virtual bool visit(VariableDeclaration const& _variable) override;
diff --git a/libsolidity/ast/AST.h b/libsolidity/ast/AST.h
index a28d9f4f..1217d945 100644
--- a/libsolidity/ast/AST.h
+++ b/libsolidity/ast/AST.h
@@ -267,6 +267,7 @@ public:
 
 	std::vector<ASTPointer<InheritanceSpecifier>> const& baseContracts() const { return m_baseContracts; }
 	std::vector<ASTPointer<ASTNode>> const& subNodes() const { return m_subNodes; }
+	std::vector<UsingForDirective const*> usingForDirectives() const { return filteredNodes<UsingForDirective>(m_subNodes); }
 	std::vector<StructDefinition const*> definedStructs() const { return filteredNodes<StructDefinition>(m_subNodes); }
 	std::vector<EnumDefinition const*> definedEnums() const { return filteredNodes<EnumDefinition>(m_subNodes); }
 	std::vector<VariableDeclaration const*> stateVariables() const { return filteredNodes<VariableDeclaration>(m_subNodes); }
@@ -335,6 +336,33 @@ private:
 	std::vector<ASTPointer<Expression>> m_arguments;
 };
 
+/**
+ * `using LibraryName for uint` will attach all functions from the library LibraryName
+ * to `uint` if the first parameter matches the type. `using LibraryName for *` attaches
+ * the function to any matching type.
+ */
+class UsingForDirective: public ASTNode
+{
+public:
+	UsingForDirective(
+		SourceLocation const& _location,
+		ASTPointer<Identifier> const& _libraryName,
+		ASTPointer<TypeName> const& _typeName
+	):
+		ASTNode(_location), m_libraryName(_libraryName), m_typeName(_typeName) {}
+
+	virtual void accept(ASTVisitor& _visitor) override;
+	virtual void accept(ASTConstVisitor& _visitor) const override;
+
+	Identifier const& libraryName() const { return *m_libraryName; }
+	/// @returns the type name the library is attached to, null for `*`.
+	TypeName const* typeName() const { return m_typeName.get(); }
+
+private:
+	ASTPointer<Identifier> m_libraryName;
+	ASTPointer<TypeName> m_typeName;
+};
+
 class StructDefinition: public Declaration
 {
 public:
diff --git a/libsolidity/ast/ASTForward.h b/libsolidity/ast/ASTForward.h
index 02dd054a..6aaa77ce 100644
--- a/libsolidity/ast/ASTForward.h
+++ b/libsolidity/ast/ASTForward.h
@@ -39,6 +39,7 @@ class ImportDirective;
 class Declaration;
 class ContractDefinition;
 class InheritanceSpecifier;
+class UsingForDirective;
 class StructDefinition;
 class EnumDefinition;
 class EnumValue;
diff --git a/libsolidity/ast/ASTVisitor.h b/libsolidity/ast/ASTVisitor.h
index 14c09fb4..f04d9682 100644
--- a/libsolidity/ast/ASTVisitor.h
+++ b/libsolidity/ast/ASTVisitor.h
@@ -47,6 +47,7 @@ public:
 	virtual bool visit(ImportDirective& _node) { return visitNode(_node); }
 	virtual bool visit(ContractDefinition& _node) { return visitNode(_node); }
 	virtual bool visit(InheritanceSpecifier& _node) { return visitNode(_node); }
+	virtual bool visit(UsingForDirective& _node) { return visitNode(_node); }
 	virtual bool visit(StructDefinition& _node) { return visitNode(_node); }
 	virtual bool visit(EnumDefinition& _node) { return visitNode(_node); }
 	virtual bool visit(EnumValue& _node) { return visitNode(_node); }
@@ -88,6 +89,7 @@ public:
 	virtual void endVisit(ImportDirective& _node) { endVisitNode(_node); }
 	virtual void endVisit(ContractDefinition& _node) { endVisitNode(_node); }
 	virtual void endVisit(InheritanceSpecifier& _node) { endVisitNode(_node); }
+	virtual void endVisit(UsingForDirective& _node) { endVisitNode(_node); }
 	virtual void endVisit(StructDefinition& _node) { endVisitNode(_node); }
 	virtual void endVisit(EnumDefinition& _node) { endVisitNode(_node); }
 	virtual void endVisit(EnumValue& _node) { endVisitNode(_node); }
@@ -142,6 +144,7 @@ public:
 	virtual bool visit(ContractDefinition const& _node) { return visitNode(_node); }
 	virtual bool visit(InheritanceSpecifier const& _node) { return visitNode(_node); }
 	virtual bool visit(StructDefinition const& _node) { return visitNode(_node); }
+	virtual bool visit(UsingForDirective const& _node) { return visitNode(_node); }
 	virtual bool visit(EnumDefinition const& _node) { return visitNode(_node); }
 	virtual bool visit(EnumValue const& _node) { return visitNode(_node); }
 	virtual bool visit(ParameterList const& _node) { return visitNode(_node); }
@@ -182,6 +185,7 @@ public:
 	virtual void endVisit(ImportDirective const& _node) { endVisitNode(_node); }
 	virtual void endVisit(ContractDefinition const& _node) { endVisitNode(_node); }
 	virtual void endVisit(InheritanceSpecifier const& _node) { endVisitNode(_node); }
+	virtual void endVisit(UsingForDirective const& _node) { endVisitNode(_node); }
 	virtual void endVisit(StructDefinition const& _node) { endVisitNode(_node); }
 	virtual void endVisit(EnumDefinition const& _node) { endVisitNode(_node); }
 	virtual void endVisit(EnumValue const& _node) { endVisitNode(_node); }
diff --git a/libsolidity/ast/AST_accept.h b/libsolidity/ast/AST_accept.h
index f65595b8..61370c55 100644
--- a/libsolidity/ast/AST_accept.h
+++ b/libsolidity/ast/AST_accept.h
@@ -123,6 +123,28 @@ void EnumValue::accept(ASTConstVisitor& _visitor) const
 	_visitor.endVisit(*this);
 }
 
+void UsingForDirective::accept(ASTVisitor& _visitor)
+{
+	if (_visitor.visit(*this))
+	{
+		m_libraryName->accept(_visitor);
+		if (m_typeName)
+			m_typeName->accept(_visitor);
+	}
+	_visitor.endVisit(*this);
+}
+
+void UsingForDirective::accept(ASTConstVisitor& _visitor) const
+{
+	if (_visitor.visit(*this))
+	{
+		m_libraryName->accept(_visitor);
+		if (m_typeName)
+			m_typeName->accept(_visitor);
+	}
+	_visitor.endVisit(*this);
+}
+
 void StructDefinition::accept(ASTVisitor& _visitor)
 {
 	if (_visitor.visit(*this))
diff --git a/libsolidity/ast/Types.cpp b/libsolidity/ast/Types.cpp
index 96f44571..0409ac63 100644
--- a/libsolidity/ast/Types.cpp
+++ b/libsolidity/ast/Types.cpp
@@ -86,6 +86,11 @@ MemberList& MemberList::operator=(MemberList&& _other)
 	return *this;
 }
 
+void MemberList::combine(MemberList const & _other)
+{
+	m_memberTypes += _other.m_memberTypes;
+}
+
 std::pair<u256, unsigned> const* MemberList::memberStorageOffset(string const& _name) const
 {
 	if (!m_storageOffsets)
@@ -185,7 +190,52 @@ TypePointer Type::commonType(TypePointer const& _a, TypePointer const& _b)
 		return TypePointer();
 }
 
-const MemberList Type::EmptyMemberList;
+MemberList const& Type::members(ContractDefinition const* _currentScope) const
+{
+	if (!m_members[_currentScope])
+	{
+		MemberList::MemberMap members = nativeMembers(_currentScope);
+		if (_currentScope)
+			members +=  boundFunctions(*this, *_currentScope);
+		m_members[_currentScope] = unique_ptr<MemberList>(new MemberList(move(members)));
+	}
+	return *m_members[_currentScope];
+}
+
+MemberList::MemberMap Type::boundFunctions(Type const& _type, ContractDefinition const& _scope)
+{
+	// Normalise data location of type.
+	TypePointer type = ReferenceType::copyForLocationIfReference(DataLocation::Storage, _type.shared_from_this());
+	set<Declaration const*> seenFunctions;
+	MemberList::MemberMap members;
+	for (ContractDefinition const* contract: _scope.annotation().linearizedBaseContracts)
+		for (UsingForDirective const* ufd: contract->usingForDirectives())
+		{
+			if (ufd->typeName() && *type != *ReferenceType::copyForLocationIfReference(
+				DataLocation::Storage,
+				ufd->typeName()->annotation().type
+			))
+				continue;
+			auto const& library = dynamic_cast<ContractDefinition const&>(
+				*ufd->libraryName().annotation().referencedDeclaration
+			);
+			for (auto const& it: library.interfaceFunctions())
+			{
+				FunctionType const& funType = *it.second;
+				solAssert(funType.hasDeclaration(), "Tried to bind function without declaration.");
+				if (seenFunctions.count(&funType.declaration()))
+					continue;
+				seenFunctions.insert(&funType.declaration());
+				if (auto fun = funType.asMemberFunction(true, true))
+					members.push_back(MemberList::Member(
+						funType.declaration().name(),
+						fun,
+						&funType.declaration()
+					));
+			}
+		}
+	return members;
+}
 
 IntegerType::IntegerType(int _bits, IntegerType::Modifier _modifier):
 	m_bits(_bits), m_modifier(_modifier)
@@ -273,12 +323,18 @@ TypePointer IntegerType::binaryOperatorResult(Token::Value _operator, TypePointe
 	return commonType;
 }
 
-const MemberList IntegerType::AddressMemberList({
-	{"balance", make_shared<IntegerType >(256)},
-	{"call", make_shared<FunctionType>(strings(), strings{"bool"}, FunctionType::Location::Bare, true)},
-	{"callcode", make_shared<FunctionType>(strings(), strings{"bool"}, FunctionType::Location::BareCallCode, true)},
-	{"send", make_shared<FunctionType>(strings{"uint"}, strings{"bool"}, FunctionType::Location::Send)}
-});
+MemberList::MemberMap IntegerType::nativeMembers(ContractDefinition const*) const
+{
+	if (isAddress())
+		return {
+			{"balance", make_shared<IntegerType >(256)},
+			{"call", make_shared<FunctionType>(strings(), strings{"bool"}, FunctionType::Location::Bare, true)},
+			{"callcode", make_shared<FunctionType>(strings(), strings{"bool"}, FunctionType::Location::BareCallCode, true)},
+			{"send", make_shared<FunctionType>(strings{"uint"}, strings{"bool"}, FunctionType::Location::Send)}
+		};
+	else
+		return MemberList::MemberMap();
+}
 
 bool IntegerConstantType::isValidLiteral(const Literal& _literal)
 {
@@ -858,26 +914,22 @@ string ArrayType::canonicalName(bool _addDataLocation) const
 	return ret;
 }
 
-MemberList const& ArrayType::members(ContractDefinition const*) const
+MemberList::MemberMap ArrayType::nativeMembers(ContractDefinition const*) const
 {
-	if (!m_members)
+	MemberList::MemberMap members;
+	if (!isString())
 	{
-		MemberList::MemberMap members;
-		if (!isString())
-		{
-			members.push_back({"length", make_shared<IntegerType>(256)});
-			if (isDynamicallySized() && location() == DataLocation::Storage)
-				members.push_back({"push", make_shared<FunctionType>(
-					TypePointers{baseType()},
-					TypePointers{make_shared<IntegerType>(256)},
-					strings{string()},
-					strings{string()},
-					isByteArray() ? FunctionType::Location::ByteArrayPush : FunctionType::Location::ArrayPush
-				)});
-		}
-		m_members.reset(new MemberList(members));
+		members.push_back({"length", make_shared<IntegerType>(256)});
+		if (isDynamicallySized() && location() == DataLocation::Storage)
+			members.push_back({"push", make_shared<FunctionType>(
+				TypePointers{baseType()},
+				TypePointers{make_shared<IntegerType>(256)},
+				strings{string()},
+				strings{string()},
+				isByteArray() ? FunctionType::Location::ByteArrayPush : FunctionType::Location::ArrayPush
+			)});
 	}
-	return *m_members;
+	return members;
 }
 
 TypePointer ArrayType::encodingType() const
@@ -956,55 +1008,47 @@ string ContractType::canonicalName(bool) const
 	return m_contract.annotation().canonicalName;
 }
 
-MemberList const& ContractType::members(ContractDefinition const*) const
+MemberList::MemberMap ContractType::nativeMembers(ContractDefinition const*) const
 {
-	// We need to lazy-initialize it because of recursive references.
-	if (!m_members)
+	// All address members and all interface functions
+	MemberList::MemberMap members(IntegerType(120, IntegerType::Modifier::Address).nativeMembers(nullptr));
+	if (m_super)
 	{
-		// All address members and all interface functions
-		MemberList::MemberMap members(
-			IntegerType::AddressMemberList.begin(),
-			IntegerType::AddressMemberList.end()
-		);
-		if (m_super)
-		{
-			// add the most derived of all functions which are visible in derived contracts
-			for (ContractDefinition const* base: m_contract.annotation().linearizedBaseContracts)
-				for (FunctionDefinition const* function: base->definedFunctions())
+		// add the most derived of all functions which are visible in derived contracts
+		for (ContractDefinition const* base: m_contract.annotation().linearizedBaseContracts)
+			for (FunctionDefinition const* function: base->definedFunctions())
+			{
+				if (!function->isVisibleInDerivedContracts())
+					continue;
+				auto functionType = make_shared<FunctionType>(*function, true);
+				bool functionWithEqualArgumentsFound = false;
+				for (auto const& member: members)
 				{
-					if (!function->isVisibleInDerivedContracts())
+					if (member.name != function->name())
+						continue;
+					auto memberType = dynamic_cast<FunctionType const*>(member.type.get());
+					solAssert(!!memberType, "Override changes type.");
+					if (!memberType->hasEqualArgumentTypes(*functionType))
 						continue;
-					auto functionType = make_shared<FunctionType>(*function, true);
-					bool functionWithEqualArgumentsFound = false;
-					for (auto const& member: members)
-					{
-						if (member.name != function->name())
-							continue;
-						auto memberType = dynamic_cast<FunctionType const*>(member.type.get());
-						solAssert(!!memberType, "Override changes type.");
-						if (!memberType->hasEqualArgumentTypes(*functionType))
-							continue;
-						functionWithEqualArgumentsFound = true;
-						break;
-					}
-					if (!functionWithEqualArgumentsFound)
-						members.push_back(MemberList::Member(
-							function->name(),
-							functionType,
-							function
-						));
+					functionWithEqualArgumentsFound = true;
+					break;
 				}
-		}
-		else
-			for (auto const& it: m_contract.interfaceFunctions())
-				members.push_back(MemberList::Member(
-					it.second->declaration().name(),
-					it.second->asMemberFunction(m_contract.isLibrary()),
-					&it.second->declaration()
-				));
-		m_members.reset(new MemberList(members));
+				if (!functionWithEqualArgumentsFound)
+					members.push_back(MemberList::Member(
+						function->name(),
+						functionType,
+						function
+					));
+			}
 	}
-	return *m_members;
+	else
+		for (auto const& it: m_contract.interfaceFunctions())
+			members.push_back(MemberList::Member(
+				it.second->declaration().name(),
+				it.second->asMemberFunction(m_contract.isLibrary()),
+				&it.second->declaration()
+			));
+	return members;
 }
 
 shared_ptr<FunctionType const> const& ContractType::constructorType() const
@@ -1099,27 +1143,22 @@ string StructType::toString(bool _short) const
 	return ret;
 }
 
-MemberList const& StructType::members(ContractDefinition const*) const
+MemberList::MemberMap StructType::nativeMembers(ContractDefinition const*) const
 {
-	// We need to lazy-initialize it because of recursive references.
-	if (!m_members)
+	MemberList::MemberMap members;
+	for (ASTPointer<VariableDeclaration> const& variable: m_struct.members())
 	{
-		MemberList::MemberMap members;
-		for (ASTPointer<VariableDeclaration> const& variable: m_struct.members())
-		{
-			TypePointer type = variable->annotation().type;
-			// Skip all mapping members if we are not in storage.
-			if (location() != DataLocation::Storage && !type->canLiveOutsideStorage())
-				continue;
-			members.push_back(MemberList::Member(
-				variable->name(),
-				copyForLocationIfReference(type),
-				variable.get())
-			);
-		}
-		m_members.reset(new MemberList(members));
+		TypePointer type = variable->annotation().type;
+		// Skip all mapping members if we are not in storage.
+		if (location() != DataLocation::Storage && !type->canLiveOutsideStorage())
+			continue;
+		members.push_back(MemberList::Member(
+			variable->name(),
+			copyForLocationIfReference(type),
+			variable.get())
+		);
 	}
-	return *m_members;
+	return members;
 }
 
 TypePointer StructType::interfaceType(bool _inLibrary) const
@@ -1436,6 +1475,20 @@ FunctionType::FunctionType(const EventDefinition& _event):
 	swap(paramNames, m_parameterNames);
 }
 
+std::vector<string> FunctionType::parameterNames() const
+{
+	if (!bound())
+		return m_parameterNames;
+	return vector<string>(m_parameterNames.cbegin() + 1, m_parameterNames.cend());
+}
+
+TypePointers FunctionType::parameterTypes() const
+{
+	if (!bound())
+		return m_parameterTypes;
+	return TypePointers(m_parameterTypes.cbegin() + 1, m_parameterTypes.cend());
+}
+
 bool FunctionType::operator==(Type const& _other) const
 {
 	if (_other.category() != category())
@@ -1504,6 +1557,8 @@ unsigned FunctionType::sizeOnStack() const
 		size++;
 	if (m_valueSet)
 		size++;
+	if (bound())
+		size += m_parameterTypes.front()->sizeOnStack();
 	return size;
 }
 
@@ -1533,7 +1588,7 @@ FunctionTypePointer FunctionType::interfaceFunctionType() const
 	return make_shared<FunctionType>(paramTypes, retParamTypes, m_parameterNames, m_returnParameterNames, m_location, m_arbitraryParameters);
 }
 
-MemberList const& FunctionType::members(ContractDefinition const*) const
+MemberList::MemberMap FunctionType::nativeMembers(ContractDefinition const*) const
 {
 	switch (m_location)
 	{
@@ -1544,52 +1599,53 @@ MemberList const& FunctionType::members(ContractDefinition const*) const
 	case Location::RIPEMD160:
 	case Location::Bare:
 	case Location::BareCallCode:
-		if (!m_members)
-		{
-			MemberList::MemberMap members{
-				{
-					"value",
+	{
+		MemberList::MemberMap members{
+			{
+				"value",
+				make_shared<FunctionType>(
+					parseElementaryTypeVector({"uint"}),
+					TypePointers{copyAndSetGasOrValue(false, true)},
+					strings(),
+					strings(),
+					Location::SetValue,
+					false,
+					nullptr,
+					m_gasSet,
+					m_valueSet
+				)
+			}
+		};
+		if (m_location != Location::Creation)
+			members.push_back(
+				MemberList::Member(
+					"gas",
 					make_shared<FunctionType>(
 						parseElementaryTypeVector({"uint"}),
-						TypePointers{copyAndSetGasOrValue(false, true)},
+						TypePointers{copyAndSetGasOrValue(true, false)},
 						strings(),
 						strings(),
-						Location::SetValue,
+						Location::SetGas,
 						false,
 						nullptr,
 						m_gasSet,
 						m_valueSet
 					)
-				}
-			};
-			if (m_location != Location::Creation)
-				members.push_back(
-					MemberList::Member(
-						"gas",
-						make_shared<FunctionType>(
-							parseElementaryTypeVector({"uint"}),
-							TypePointers{copyAndSetGasOrValue(true, false)},
-							strings(),
-							strings(),
-							Location::SetGas,
-							false,
-							nullptr,
-							m_gasSet,
-							m_valueSet
-						)
-					)
-				);
-			m_members.reset(new MemberList(members));
-		}
-		return *m_members;
+				)
+			);
+		return members;
+	}
 	default:
-		return EmptyMemberList;
+		return MemberList::MemberMap();
 	}
 }
 
-bool FunctionType::canTakeArguments(TypePointers const& _argumentTypes) const
+bool FunctionType::canTakeArguments(TypePointers const& _argumentTypes, TypePointer const& _selfType) const
 {
-	TypePointers const& paramTypes = parameterTypes();
+	solAssert(!bound() || _selfType, "");
+	if (bound() && !_selfType->isImplicitlyConvertibleTo(*selfType()))
+		return false;
+	TypePointers paramTypes = parameterTypes();
 	if (takesArbitraryParameters())
 		return true;
 	else if (_argumentTypes.size() != paramTypes.size())
@@ -1678,11 +1734,12 @@ TypePointer FunctionType::copyAndSetGasOrValue(bool _setGas, bool _setValue) con
 		m_arbitraryParameters,
 		m_declaration,
 		m_gasSet || _setGas,
-		m_valueSet || _setValue
+		m_valueSet || _setValue,
+		m_bound
 	);
 }
 
-FunctionTypePointer FunctionType::asMemberFunction(bool _inLibrary) const
+FunctionTypePointer FunctionType::asMemberFunction(bool _inLibrary, bool _bound) const
 {
 	TypePointers parameterTypes;
 	for (auto const& t: m_parameterTypes)
@@ -1712,14 +1769,15 @@ FunctionTypePointer FunctionType::asMemberFunction(bool _inLibrary) const
 		m_arbitraryParameters,
 		m_declaration,
 		m_gasSet,
-		m_valueSet
+		m_valueSet,
+		_bound
 	);
 }
 
 vector<string> const FunctionType::parameterTypeNames(bool _addDataLocation) const
 {
 	vector<string> names;
-	for (TypePointer const& t: m_parameterTypes)
+	for (TypePointer const& t: parameterTypes())
 		names.push_back(t->canonicalName(_addDataLocation));
 
 	return names;
@@ -1734,6 +1792,12 @@ vector<string> const FunctionType::returnParameterTypeNames(bool _addDataLocatio
 	return names;
 }
 
+TypePointer FunctionType::selfType() const
+{
+	solAssert(bound(), "");
+	return m_parameterTypes.at(0);
+}
+
 ASTPointer<ASTString> FunctionType::documentation() const
 {
 	auto function = dynamic_cast<Documented const*>(m_declaration);
@@ -1784,43 +1848,37 @@ unsigned TypeType::sizeOnStack() const
 	return 0;
 }
 
-MemberList const& TypeType::members(ContractDefinition const* _currentScope) const
+MemberList::MemberMap TypeType::nativeMembers(ContractDefinition const* _currentScope) const
 {
-	// We need to lazy-initialize it because of recursive references.
-	if (!m_members || m_cachedScope != _currentScope)
+	MemberList::MemberMap members;
+	if (m_actualType->category() == Category::Contract)
 	{
-		MemberList::MemberMap members;
-		if (m_actualType->category() == Category::Contract)
-		{
-			ContractDefinition const& contract = dynamic_cast<ContractType const&>(*m_actualType).contractDefinition();
-			if (contract.isLibrary())
-				for (auto const& it: contract.interfaceFunctions())
-					members.push_back(MemberList::Member(
-						it.second->declaration().name(),
-						it.second->asMemberFunction(true), // use callcode
-						&it.second->declaration()
-					));
-			else if (_currentScope != nullptr)
-			{
-				auto const& currentBases = _currentScope->annotation().linearizedBaseContracts;
-				if (find(currentBases.begin(), currentBases.end(), &contract) != currentBases.end())
-					// We are accessing the type of a base contract, so add all public and protected
-					// members. Note that this does not add inherited functions on purpose.
-					for (Declaration const* decl: contract.inheritableMembers())
-						members.push_back(MemberList::Member(decl->name(), decl->type(), decl));
-			}
-		}
-		else if (m_actualType->category() == Category::Enum)
+		ContractDefinition const& contract = dynamic_cast<ContractType const&>(*m_actualType).contractDefinition();
+		if (contract.isLibrary())
+			for (auto const& it: contract.interfaceFunctions())
+				members.push_back(MemberList::Member(
+					it.second->declaration().name(),
+					it.second->asMemberFunction(true), // use callcode
+					&it.second->declaration()
+				));
+		else if (_currentScope != nullptr)
 		{
-			EnumDefinition const& enumDef = dynamic_cast<EnumType const&>(*m_actualType).enumDefinition();
-			auto enumType = make_shared<EnumType>(enumDef);
-			for (ASTPointer<EnumValue> const& enumValue: enumDef.members())
-				members.push_back(MemberList::Member(enumValue->name(), enumType));
+			auto const& currentBases = _currentScope->annotation().linearizedBaseContracts;
+			if (find(currentBases.begin(), currentBases.end(), &contract) != currentBases.end())
+				// We are accessing the type of a base contract, so add all public and protected
+				// members. Note that this does not add inherited functions on purpose.
+				for (Declaration const* decl: contract.inheritableMembers())
+					members.push_back(MemberList::Member(decl->name(), decl->type(), decl));
 		}
-		m_members.reset(new MemberList(members));
-		m_cachedScope = _currentScope;
 	}
-	return *m_members;
+	else if (m_actualType->category() == Category::Enum)
+	{
+		EnumDefinition const& enumDef = dynamic_cast<EnumType const&>(*m_actualType).enumDefinition();
+		auto enumType = make_shared<EnumType>(enumDef);
+		for (ASTPointer<EnumValue> const& enumValue: enumDef.members())
+			members.push_back(MemberList::Member(enumValue->name(), enumType));
+	}
+	return members;
 }
 
 ModifierType::ModifierType(const ModifierDefinition& _modifier)
@@ -1866,10 +1924,22 @@ string ModifierType::toString(bool _short) const
 MagicType::MagicType(MagicType::Kind _kind):
 	m_kind(_kind)
 {
+}
+
+bool MagicType::operator==(Type const& _other) const
+{
+	if (_other.category() != category())
+		return false;
+	MagicType const& other = dynamic_cast<MagicType const&>(_other);
+	return other.m_kind == m_kind;
+}
+
+MemberList::MemberMap MagicType::nativeMembers(ContractDefinition const*) const
+{
 	switch (m_kind)
 	{
 	case Kind::Block:
-		m_members = MemberList({
+		return MemberList::MemberMap({
 			{"coinbase", make_shared<IntegerType>(0, IntegerType::Modifier::Address)},
 			{"timestamp", make_shared<IntegerType>(256)},
 			{"blockhash", make_shared<FunctionType>(strings{"uint"}, strings{"bytes32"}, FunctionType::Location::BlockHash)},
@@ -1877,35 +1947,24 @@ MagicType::MagicType(MagicType::Kind _kind):
 			{"number", make_shared<IntegerType>(256)},
 			{"gaslimit", make_shared<IntegerType>(256)}
 		});
-		break;
 	case Kind::Message:
-		m_members = MemberList({
+		return MemberList::MemberMap({
 			{"sender", make_shared<IntegerType>(0, IntegerType::Modifier::Address)},
 			{"gas", make_shared<IntegerType>(256)},
 			{"value", make_shared<IntegerType>(256)},
 			{"data", make_shared<ArrayType>(DataLocation::CallData)},
 			{"sig", make_shared<FixedBytesType>(4)}
 		});
-		break;
 	case Kind::Transaction:
-		m_members = MemberList({
+		return MemberList::MemberMap({
 			{"origin", make_shared<IntegerType>(0, IntegerType::Modifier::Address)},
 			{"gasprice", make_shared<IntegerType>(256)}
 		});
-		break;
 	default:
 		BOOST_THROW_EXCEPTION(InternalCompilerError() << errinfo_comment("Unknown kind of magic."));
 	}
 }
 
-bool MagicType::operator==(Type const& _other) const
-{
-	if (_other.category() != category())
-		return false;
-	MagicType const& other = dynamic_cast<MagicType const&>(_other);
-	return other.m_kind == m_kind;
-}
-
 string MagicType::toString(bool) const
 {
 	switch (m_kind)
diff --git a/libsolidity/ast/Types.h b/libsolidity/ast/Types.h
index ea9bd198..3ebcb2b2 100644
--- a/libsolidity/ast/Types.h
+++ b/libsolidity/ast/Types.h
@@ -90,6 +90,7 @@ public:
 	MemberList() {}
 	explicit MemberList(MemberMap const& _members): m_memberTypes(_members) {}
 	MemberList& operator=(MemberList&& _other);
+	void combine(MemberList const& _other);
 	TypePointer memberType(std::string const& _name) const
 	{
 		TypePointer type;
@@ -149,8 +150,6 @@ public:
 	/// @returns a pointer to _a or _b if the other is implicitly convertible to it or nullptr otherwise
 	static TypePointer commonType(TypePointer const& _a, TypePointer const& _b);
 
-	/// Calculates the
-
 	virtual Category category() const = 0;
 	virtual bool isImplicitlyConvertibleTo(Type const& _other) const { return *this == _other; }
 	virtual bool isExplicitlyConvertibleTo(Type const& _convertTo) const
@@ -216,9 +215,9 @@ public:
 		return _targetType->dataStoredIn(DataLocation::Storage) ? mobileType() : _targetType;
 	}
 
-	/// Returns the list of all members of this type. Default implementation: no members.
+	/// Returns the list of all members of this type. Default implementation: no members apart from bound.
 	/// @param _currentScope scope in which the members are accessed.
-	virtual MemberList const& members(ContractDefinition const* /*_currentScope*/) const { return EmptyMemberList; }
+	MemberList const& members(ContractDefinition const* _currentScope) const;
 	/// Convenience method, returns the type of the given named member or an empty pointer if no such member exists.
 	TypePointer memberType(std::string const& _name, ContractDefinition const* _currentScope = nullptr) const
 	{
@@ -251,9 +250,20 @@ public:
 	/// are returned without modification.
 	virtual TypePointer interfaceType(bool /*_inLibrary*/) const { return TypePointer(); }
 
+private:
+	/// @returns a member list containing all members added to this type by `using for` directives.
+	static MemberList::MemberMap boundFunctions(Type const& _type, ContractDefinition const& _scope);
+
 protected:
-	/// Convenience object used when returning an empty member list.
-	static const MemberList EmptyMemberList;
+	/// @returns the members native to this type depending on the given context. This function
+	/// is used (in conjunction with boundFunctions to fill m_members below.
+	virtual MemberList::MemberMap nativeMembers(ContractDefinition const* /*_currentScope*/) const
+	{
+		return MemberList::MemberMap();
+	}
+
+	/// List of member types (parameterised by scape), will be lazy-initialized.
+	mutable std::map<ContractDefinition const*, std::unique_ptr<MemberList>> m_members;
 };
 
 /**
@@ -281,10 +291,7 @@ public:
 	virtual unsigned storageBytes() const override { return m_bits / 8; }
 	virtual bool isValueType() const override { return true; }
 
-	virtual MemberList const& members(ContractDefinition const* /*_currentScope*/) const override
-	{
-		return isAddress() ? AddressMemberList : EmptyMemberList;
-	}
+	virtual MemberList::MemberMap nativeMembers(ContractDefinition const*) const override;
 
 	virtual std::string toString(bool _short) const override;
 
@@ -295,8 +302,6 @@ public:
 	bool isAddress() const { return m_modifier == Modifier::Address; }
 	bool isSigned() const { return m_modifier == Modifier::Signed; }
 
-	static const MemberList AddressMemberList;
-
 private:
 	int m_bits;
 	Modifier m_modifier;
@@ -517,7 +522,7 @@ public:
 	virtual unsigned sizeOnStack() const override;
 	virtual std::string toString(bool _short) const override;
 	virtual std::string canonicalName(bool _addDataLocation) const override;
-	virtual MemberList const& members(ContractDefinition const* _currentScope) const override;
+	virtual MemberList::MemberMap nativeMembers(ContractDefinition const* _currentScope) const override;
 	virtual TypePointer encodingType() const override;
 	virtual TypePointer decodingType() const override;
 	virtual TypePointer interfaceType(bool _inLibrary) const override;
@@ -541,8 +546,6 @@ private:
 	TypePointer m_baseType;
 	bool m_hasDynamicLength = true;
 	u256 m_length;
-	/// List of member types, will be lazy-initialized because of recursive references.
-	mutable std::unique_ptr<MemberList> m_members;
 };
 
 /**
@@ -570,7 +573,7 @@ public:
 	virtual std::string toString(bool _short) const override;
 	virtual std::string canonicalName(bool _addDataLocation) const override;
 
-	virtual MemberList const& members(ContractDefinition const* _currentScope) const override;
+	virtual MemberList::MemberMap nativeMembers(ContractDefinition const* _currentScope) const override;
 	virtual TypePointer encodingType() const override
 	{
 		return std::make_shared<IntegerType>(160, IntegerType::Modifier::Address);
@@ -602,8 +605,6 @@ private:
 	bool m_super = false;
 	/// Type of the constructor, @see constructorType. Lazily initialized.
 	mutable FunctionTypePointer m_constructorType;
-	/// List of member types, will be lazy-initialized because of recursive references.
-	mutable std::unique_ptr<MemberList> m_members;
 };
 
 /**
@@ -623,7 +624,7 @@ public:
 	virtual bool canLiveOutsideStorage() const override { return true; }
 	virtual std::string toString(bool _short) const override;
 
-	virtual MemberList const& members(ContractDefinition const* _currentScope) const override;
+	virtual MemberList::MemberMap nativeMembers(ContractDefinition const* _currentScope) const override;
 	virtual TypePointer encodingType() const override
 	{
 		return location() == DataLocation::Storage ? std::make_shared<IntegerType>(256) : TypePointer();
@@ -648,8 +649,6 @@ public:
 
 private:
 	StructDefinition const& m_struct;
-	/// List of member types, will be lazy-initialized because of recursive references.
-	mutable std::unique_ptr<MemberList> m_members;
 };
 
 /**
@@ -688,8 +687,6 @@ public:
 
 private:
 	EnumDefinition const& m_enum;
-	/// List of member types, will be lazy-initialized because of recursive references.
-	mutable std::unique_ptr<MemberList> m_members;
 };
 
 /**
@@ -791,7 +788,8 @@ public:
 		bool _arbitraryParameters = false,
 		Declaration const* _declaration = nullptr,
 		bool _gasSet = false,
-		bool _valueSet = false
+		bool _valueSet = false,
+		bool _bound = false
 	):
 		m_parameterTypes(_parameterTypes),
 		m_returnParameterTypes(_returnParameterTypes),
@@ -801,15 +799,18 @@ public:
 		m_arbitraryParameters(_arbitraryParameters),
 		m_gasSet(_gasSet),
 		m_valueSet(_valueSet),
+		m_bound(_bound),
 		m_declaration(_declaration)
 	{}
 
-	TypePointers const& parameterTypes() const { return m_parameterTypes; }
-	std::vector<std::string> const& parameterNames() const { return m_parameterNames; }
+	TypePointers parameterTypes() const;
+	std::vector<std::string> parameterNames() const;
 	std::vector<std::string> const parameterTypeNames(bool _addDataLocation) const;
 	TypePointers const& returnParameterTypes() const { return m_returnParameterTypes; }
 	std::vector<std::string> const& returnParameterNames() const { return m_returnParameterNames; }
 	std::vector<std::string> const returnParameterTypeNames(bool _addDataLocation) const;
+	/// @returns the "self" parameter type for a bound function
+	TypePointer selfType() const;
 
 	virtual bool operator==(Type const& _other) const override;
 	virtual std::string toString(bool _short) const override;
@@ -817,7 +818,7 @@ public:
 	virtual u256 storageSize() const override;
 	virtual bool canLiveOutsideStorage() const override { return false; }
 	virtual unsigned sizeOnStack() const override;
-	virtual MemberList const& members(ContractDefinition const* _currentScope) const override;
+	virtual MemberList::MemberMap nativeMembers(ContractDefinition const* _currentScope) const override;
 
 	/// @returns TypePointer of a new FunctionType object. All input/return parameters are an
 	/// appropriate external types (i.e. the interfaceType()s) of input/return parameters of
@@ -828,7 +829,9 @@ public:
 
 	/// @returns true if this function can take the given argument types (possibly
 	/// after implicit conversion).
-	bool canTakeArguments(TypePointers const& _arguments) const;
+	/// @param _selfType if the function is bound, this has to be supplied and is the type of the
+	/// expression the function is called on.
+	bool canTakeArguments(TypePointers const& _arguments, TypePointer const& _selfType = TypePointer()) const;
 	/// @returns true if the types of parameters are equal (does't check return parameter types)
 	bool hasEqualArgumentTypes(FunctionType const& _other) const;
 
@@ -855,6 +858,7 @@ public:
 	bool takesArbitraryParameters() const { return m_arbitraryParameters; }
 	bool gasSet() const { return m_gasSet; }
 	bool valueSet() const { return m_valueSet; }
+	bool bound() const { return m_bound; }
 
 	/// @returns a copy of this type, where gas or value are set manually. This will never set one
 	/// of the parameters to fals.
@@ -865,7 +869,8 @@ public:
 	/// This is needed if external functions are called on other contracts, as they cannot return
 	/// dynamic values.
 	/// @param _inLibrary if true, uses CallCode as location.
-	FunctionTypePointer asMemberFunction(bool _inLibrary) const;
+	/// @param _bound if true, the argumenst are placed as `arg1.functionName(arg2, ..., argn)`.
+	FunctionTypePointer asMemberFunction(bool _inLibrary, bool _bound = false) const;
 
 private:
 	static TypePointers parseElementaryTypeVector(strings const& _types);
@@ -879,8 +884,8 @@ private:
 	bool const m_arbitraryParameters = false;
 	bool const m_gasSet = false; ///< true iff the gas value to be used is on the stack
 	bool const m_valueSet = false; ///< true iff the value to be sent is on the stack
+	bool const m_bound = false; ///< true iff the function is called as arg1.fun(arg2, ..., argn)
 	bool m_isConstant = false;
-	mutable std::unique_ptr<MemberList> m_members;
 	Declaration const* m_declaration = nullptr;
 };
 
@@ -935,13 +940,10 @@ public:
 	virtual bool canLiveOutsideStorage() const override { return false; }
 	virtual unsigned sizeOnStack() const override;
 	virtual std::string toString(bool _short) const override { return "type(" + m_actualType->toString(_short) + ")"; }
-	virtual MemberList const& members(ContractDefinition const* _currentScope) const override;
+	virtual MemberList::MemberMap nativeMembers(ContractDefinition const* _currentScope) const override;
 
 private:
 	TypePointer m_actualType;
-	/// List of member types, will be lazy-initialized because of recursive references.
-	mutable std::unique_ptr<MemberList> m_members;
-	mutable ContractDefinition const* m_cachedScope = nullptr;
 };
 
 
@@ -988,14 +990,12 @@ public:
 	virtual bool canBeStored() const override { return false; }
 	virtual bool canLiveOutsideStorage() const override { return true; }
 	virtual unsigned sizeOnStack() const override { return 0; }
-	virtual MemberList const& members(ContractDefinition const*) const override { return m_members; }
+	virtual MemberList::MemberMap nativeMembers(ContractDefinition const*) const override;
 
 	virtual std::string toString(bool _short) const override;
 
 private:
 	Kind m_kind;
-
-	MemberList m_members;
 };
 
 }
diff --git a/libsolidity/codegen/ExpressionCompiler.cpp b/libsolidity/codegen/ExpressionCompiler.cpp
index d4140ae8..fa077036 100644
--- a/libsolidity/codegen/ExpressionCompiler.cpp
+++ b/libsolidity/codegen/ExpressionCompiler.cpp
@@ -672,7 +672,7 @@ bool ExpressionCompiler::visit(FunctionCall const& _functionCall)
 			_functionCall.expression().accept(*this);
 			solAssert(function.parameterTypes().size() == 1, "");
 			solAssert(!!function.parameterTypes()[0], "");
-			TypePointer const& paramType = function.parameterTypes()[0];
+			TypePointer paramType = function.parameterTypes()[0];
 			shared_ptr<ArrayType> arrayType =
 				function.location() == Location::ArrayPush ?
 				make_shared<ArrayType>(DataLocation::Storage, paramType) :
diff --git a/libsolidity/parsing/Parser.cpp b/libsolidity/parsing/Parser.cpp
index 9272eb4b..2b886121 100644
--- a/libsolidity/parsing/Parser.cpp
+++ b/libsolidity/parsing/Parser.cpp
@@ -168,6 +168,8 @@ ASTPointer<ContractDefinition> Parser::parseContractDefinition(bool _isLibrary)
 			subNodes.push_back(parseModifierDefinition());
 		else if (currentTokenValue == Token::Event)
 			subNodes.push_back(parseEventDefinition());
+		else if (currentTokenValue == Token::Using)
+			subNodes.push_back(parseUsingDirective());
 		else
 			fatalParserError(std::string("Function, variable, struct or modifier declaration expected."));
 	}
@@ -475,6 +477,24 @@ ASTPointer<EventDefinition> Parser::parseEventDefinition()
 	return nodeFactory.createNode<EventDefinition>(name, docstring, parameters, anonymous);
 }
 
+ASTPointer<UsingForDirective> Parser::parseUsingDirective()
+{
+	ASTNodeFactory nodeFactory(*this);
+
+	expectToken(Token::Using);
+	//@todo this should actually parse a full path.
+	ASTPointer<Identifier> library(parseIdentifier());
+	ASTPointer<TypeName> typeName;
+	expectToken(Token::For);
+	if (m_scanner->currentToken() == Token::Mul)
+		m_scanner->next();
+	else
+		typeName = parseTypeName(false);
+	nodeFactory.markEndPosition();
+	expectToken(Token::Semicolon);
+	return nodeFactory.createNode<UsingForDirective>(library, typeName);
+}
+
 ASTPointer<ModifierInvocation> Parser::parseModifierInvocation()
 {
 	ASTNodeFactory nodeFactory(*this);
diff --git a/libsolidity/parsing/Parser.h b/libsolidity/parsing/Parser.h
index 663c0f92..5ff46242 100644
--- a/libsolidity/parsing/Parser.h
+++ b/libsolidity/parsing/Parser.h
@@ -74,6 +74,7 @@ private:
 	);
 	ASTPointer<ModifierDefinition> parseModifierDefinition();
 	ASTPointer<EventDefinition> parseEventDefinition();
+	ASTPointer<UsingForDirective> parseUsingDirective();
 	ASTPointer<ModifierInvocation> parseModifierInvocation();
 	ASTPointer<Identifier> parseIdentifier();
 	ASTPointer<TypeName> parseTypeName(bool _allowVar);