Merge pull request #2522 from ethereum/testCode

Added various contracts for testing.

4 files changed, 1461 insertions, 0 deletions

diff --git a/test/compilationTests/milestonetracker/LICENSE b/test/compilationTests/milestonetracker/LICENSE
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..733c0723
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/compilationTests/milestonetracker/LICENSE
@@ -0,0 +1,675 @@
+                    GNU GENERAL PUBLIC LICENSE
+                       Version 3, 29 June 2007
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+IS WITH YOU.  SHOULD THE PROGRAM PROVE DEFECTIVE, YOU ASSUME THE COST OF
+ALL NECESSARY SERVICING, REPAIR OR CORRECTION.
+
+  16. Limitation of Liability.
+
+  IN NO EVENT UNLESS REQUIRED BY APPLICABLE LAW OR AGREED TO IN WRITING
+WILL ANY COPYRIGHT HOLDER, OR ANY OTHER PARTY WHO MODIFIES AND/OR CONVEYS
+THE PROGRAM AS PERMITTED ABOVE, BE LIABLE TO YOU FOR DAMAGES, INCLUDING ANY
+GENERAL, SPECIAL, INCIDENTAL OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES ARISING OUT OF THE
+USE OR INABILITY TO USE THE PROGRAM (INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO LOSS OF
+DATA OR DATA BEING RENDERED INACCURATE OR LOSSES SUSTAINED BY YOU OR THIRD
+PARTIES OR A FAILURE OF THE PROGRAM TO OPERATE WITH ANY OTHER PROGRAMS),
+EVEN IF SUCH HOLDER OR OTHER PARTY HAS BEEN ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF
+SUCH DAMAGES.
+
+  17. Interpretation of Sections 15 and 16.
+
+  If the disclaimer of warranty and limitation of liability provided
+above cannot be given local legal effect according to their terms,
+reviewing courts shall apply local law that most closely approximates
+an absolute waiver of all civil liability in connection with the
+Program, unless a warranty or assumption of liability accompanies a
+copy of the Program in return for a fee.
+
+                     END OF TERMS AND CONDITIONS
+
+            How to Apply These Terms to Your New Programs
+
+  If you develop a new program, and you want it to be of the greatest
+possible use to the public, the best way to achieve this is to make it
+free software which everyone can redistribute and change under these terms.
+
+  To do so, attach the following notices to the program.  It is safest
+to attach them to the start of each source file to most effectively
+state the exclusion of warranty; and each file should have at least
+the "copyright" line and a pointer to where the full notice is found.
+
+    {one line to give the program's name and a brief idea of what it does.}
+    Copyright (C) {year}  {name of author}
+
+    This program is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+    it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
+    the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+    (at your option) any later version.
+
+    This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+    but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+    MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the
+    GNU General Public License for more details.
+
+    You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
+    along with this program.  If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+
+Also add information on how to contact you by electronic and paper mail.
+
+  If the program does terminal interaction, make it output a short
+notice like this when it starts in an interactive mode:
+
+    {project}  Copyright (C) {year}  {fullname}
+    This program comes with ABSOLUTELY NO WARRANTY; for details type `show w'.
+    This is free software, and you are welcome to redistribute it
+    under certain conditions; type `show c' for details.
+
+The hypothetical commands `show w' and `show c' should show the appropriate
+parts of the General Public License.  Of course, your program's commands
+might be different; for a GUI interface, you would use an "about box".
+
+  You should also get your employer (if you work as a programmer) or school,
+if any, to sign a "copyright disclaimer" for the program, if necessary.
+For more information on this, and how to apply and follow the GNU GPL, see
+<http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+
+  The GNU General Public License does not permit incorporating your program
+into proprietary programs.  If your program is a subroutine library, you
+may consider it more useful to permit linking proprietary applications with
+the library.  If this is what you want to do, use the GNU Lesser General
+Public License instead of this License.  But first, please read
+<http://www.gnu.org/philosophy/why-not-lgpl.html>.
+
diff --git a/test/compilationTests/milestonetracker/MilestoneTracker.sol b/test/compilationTests/milestonetracker/MilestoneTracker.sol
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..318330df
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/compilationTests/milestonetracker/MilestoneTracker.sol
@@ -0,0 +1,367 @@
+pragma solidity ^0.4.6;
+
+/*
+    Copyright 2016, Jordi Baylina
+
+    This program is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+    it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
+    the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+    (at your option) any later version.
+
+    This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+    but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+    MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the
+    GNU General Public License for more details.
+
+    You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
+    along with this program.  If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+ */
+
+/// @title MilestoneTracker Contract
+/// @author Jordi Baylina
+/// @dev This contract tracks the
+
+
+/// is rules the relation betwen a donor and a recipient
+///  in order to guaranty to the donor that the job will be done and to guaranty
+///  to the recipient that he will be paid
+
+
+/// @dev We use the RLP library to decode RLP so that the donor can approve one
+///  set of milestone changes at a time.
+///  https://github.com/androlo/standard-contracts/blob/master/contracts/src/codec/RLP.sol
+import "RLP.sol";
+
+
+
+/// @dev This contract allows for `recipient` to set and modify milestones
+contract MilestoneTracker {
+    using RLP for RLP.RLPItem;
+    using RLP for RLP.Iterator;
+    using RLP for bytes;
+
+    struct Milestone {
+        string description;     // Description of this milestone
+        string url;             // A link to more information (swarm gateway)
+        uint minCompletionDate; // Earliest UNIX time the milestone can be paid
+        uint maxCompletionDate; // Latest UNIX time the milestone can be paid
+        address milestoneLeadLink;
+                                // Similar to `recipient`but for this milestone
+        address reviewer;       // Can reject the completion of this milestone
+        uint reviewTime;        // How many seconds the reviewer has to review
+        address paymentSource;  // Where the milestone payment is sent from
+        bytes payData;          // Data defining how much ether is sent where
+
+        MilestoneStatus status; // Current status of the milestone
+                                // (Completed, AuthorizedForPayment...)
+        uint doneTime;          // UNIX time when the milestone was marked DONE
+    }
+
+    // The list of all the milestones.
+    Milestone[] public milestones;
+
+    address public recipient;   // Calls functions in the name of the recipient
+    address public donor;       // Calls functions in the name of the donor
+    address public arbitrator;  // Calls functions in the name of the arbitrator
+
+    enum MilestoneStatus {
+        AcceptedAndInProgress,
+        Completed,
+        AuthorizedForPayment,
+        Canceled
+    }
+
+    // True if the campaign has been canceled
+    bool public campaignCanceled;
+
+    // True if an approval on a change to `milestones` is a pending
+    bool public changingMilestones;
+
+    // The pending change to `milestones` encoded in RLP
+    bytes public proposedMilestones;
+
+
+    /// @dev The following modifiers only allow specific roles to call functions
+    /// with these modifiers
+    modifier onlyRecipient { if (msg.sender !=  recipient) throw; _; }
+    modifier onlyArbitrator { if (msg.sender != arbitrator) throw; _; }
+    modifier onlyDonor { if (msg.sender != donor) throw; _; }
+
+    /// @dev The following modifiers prevent functions from being called if the
+    /// campaign has been canceled or if new milestones are being proposed
+    modifier campaignNotCanceled { if (campaignCanceled) throw; _; }
+    modifier notChanging { if (changingMilestones) throw; _; }
+
+ // @dev Events to make the payment movements easy to find on the blockchain
+    event NewMilestoneListProposed();
+    event NewMilestoneListUnproposed();
+    event NewMilestoneListAccepted();
+    event ProposalStatusChanged(uint idProposal, MilestoneStatus newProposal);
+    event CampaignCanceled();
+
+
+///////////
+// Constructor
+///////////
+
+    /// @notice The Constructor creates the Milestone contract on the blockchain
+    /// @param _arbitrator Address assigned to be the arbitrator
+    /// @param _donor Address assigned to be the donor
+    /// @param _recipient Address assigned to be the recipient
+    function MilestoneTracker (
+        address _arbitrator,
+        address _donor,
+        address _recipient
+    ) {
+        arbitrator = _arbitrator;
+        donor = _donor;
+        recipient = _recipient;
+    }
+
+
+/////////
+// Helper functions
+/////////
+
+    /// @return The number of milestones ever created even if they were canceled
+    function numberOfMilestones() constant returns (uint) {
+        return milestones.length;
+    }
+
+
+////////
+// Change players
+////////
+
+    /// @notice `onlyArbitrator` Reassigns the arbitrator to a new address
+    /// @param _newArbitrator The new arbitrator
+    function changeArbitrator(address _newArbitrator) onlyArbitrator {
+        arbitrator = _newArbitrator;
+    }
+
+    /// @notice `onlyDonor` Reassigns the `donor` to a new address
+    /// @param _newDonor The new donor
+    function changeDonor(address _newDonor) onlyDonor {
+        donor = _newDonor;
+    }
+
+    /// @notice `onlyRecipient` Reassigns the `recipient` to a new address
+    /// @param _newRecipient The new recipient
+    function changeRecipient(address _newRecipient) onlyRecipient {
+        recipient = _newRecipient;
+    }
+
+
+////////////
+// Creation and modification of Milestones
+////////////
+
+    /// @notice `onlyRecipient` Proposes new milestones or changes old
+    ///  milestones, this will require a user interface to be built up to
+    ///  support this functionality as asks for RLP encoded bytecode to be
+    ///  generated, until this interface is built you can use this script:
+    ///  https://github.com/Giveth/milestonetracker/blob/master/js/milestonetracker_helper.js
+    ///  the functions milestones2bytes and bytes2milestones will enable the
+    ///  recipient to encode and decode a list of milestones, also see
+    ///  https://github.com/Giveth/milestonetracker/blob/master/README.md
+    /// @param _newMilestones The RLP encoded list of milestones; each milestone
+    ///  has these fields:
+    ///       string description,
+    ///       string url,
+    ///       uint minCompletionDate,  // seconds since 1/1/1970 (UNIX time)
+    ///       uint maxCompletionDate,  // seconds since 1/1/1970 (UNIX time)
+    ///       address milestoneLeadLink,
+    ///       address reviewer,
+    ///       uint reviewTime
+    ///       address paymentSource,
+    ///       bytes payData,
+    function proposeMilestones(bytes _newMilestones
+    ) onlyRecipient campaignNotCanceled {
+        proposedMilestones = _newMilestones;
+        changingMilestones = true;
+        NewMilestoneListProposed();
+    }
+
+
+////////////
+// Normal actions that will change the state of the milestones
+////////////
+
+    /// @notice `onlyRecipient` Cancels the proposed milestones and reactivates
+    ///  the previous set of milestones
+    function unproposeMilestones() onlyRecipient campaignNotCanceled {
+        delete proposedMilestones;
+        changingMilestones = false;
+        NewMilestoneListUnproposed();
+    }
+
+    /// @notice `onlyDonor` Approves the proposed milestone list
+    /// @param _hashProposals The sha3() of the proposed milestone list's
+    ///  bytecode; this confirms that the `donor` knows the set of milestones
+    ///  they are approving
+    function acceptProposedMilestones(bytes32 _hashProposals
+    ) onlyDonor campaignNotCanceled {
+
+        uint i;
+
+        if (!changingMilestones) throw;
+        if (sha3(proposedMilestones) != _hashProposals) throw;
+
+        // Cancel all the unfinished milestones
+        for (i=0; i<milestones.length; i++) {
+            if (milestones[i].status != MilestoneStatus.AuthorizedForPayment) {
+                milestones[i].status = MilestoneStatus.Canceled;
+            }
+        }
+        // Decode the RLP encoded milestones and add them to the milestones list
+        bytes memory mProposedMilestones = proposedMilestones;
+
+        var itmProposals = mProposedMilestones.toRLPItem(true);
+
+        if (!itmProposals.isList()) throw;
+
+        var itrProposals = itmProposals.iterator();
+
+        while(itrProposals.hasNext()) {
+
+
+            var itmProposal = itrProposals.next();
+
+            Milestone milestone = milestones[milestones.length ++];
+
+            if (!itmProposal.isList()) throw;
+
+            var itrProposal = itmProposal.iterator();
+
+            milestone.description = itrProposal.next().toAscii();
+            milestone.url = itrProposal.next().toAscii();
+            milestone.minCompletionDate = itrProposal.next().toUint();
+            milestone.maxCompletionDate = itrProposal.next().toUint();
+            milestone.milestoneLeadLink = itrProposal.next().toAddress();
+            milestone.reviewer = itrProposal.next().toAddress();
+            milestone.reviewTime = itrProposal.next().toUint();
+            milestone.paymentSource = itrProposal.next().toAddress();
+            milestone.payData = itrProposal.next().toData();
+
+            milestone.status = MilestoneStatus.AcceptedAndInProgress;
+
+        }
+
+        delete proposedMilestones;
+        changingMilestones = false;
+        NewMilestoneListAccepted();
+    }
+
+    /// @notice `onlyRecipientOrLeadLink`Marks a milestone as DONE and
+    ///  ready for review
+    /// @param _idMilestone ID of the milestone that has been completed
+    function markMilestoneComplete(uint _idMilestone)
+        campaignNotCanceled notChanging
+    {
+        if (_idMilestone >= milestones.length) throw;
+        Milestone milestone = milestones[_idMilestone];
+        if (  (msg.sender != milestone.milestoneLeadLink)
+            &&(msg.sender != recipient))
+            throw;
+        if (milestone.status != MilestoneStatus.AcceptedAndInProgress) throw;
+        if (now < milestone.minCompletionDate) throw;
+        if (now > milestone.maxCompletionDate) throw;
+        milestone.status = MilestoneStatus.Completed;
+        milestone.doneTime = now;
+        ProposalStatusChanged(_idMilestone, milestone.status);
+    }
+
+    /// @notice `onlyReviewer` Approves a specific milestone
+    /// @param _idMilestone ID of the milestone that is approved
+    function approveCompletedMilestone(uint _idMilestone)
+        campaignNotCanceled notChanging
+    {
+        if (_idMilestone >= milestones.length) throw;
+        Milestone milestone = milestones[_idMilestone];
+        if ((msg.sender != milestone.reviewer) ||
+            (milestone.status != MilestoneStatus.Completed)) throw;
+
+        authorizePayment(_idMilestone);
+    }
+
+    /// @notice `onlyReviewer` Rejects a specific milestone's completion and
+    ///  reverts the `milestone.status` back to the `AcceptedAndInProgress`
+    ///  state
+    /// @param _idMilestone ID of the milestone that is being rejected
+    function rejectMilestone(uint _idMilestone)
+        campaignNotCanceled notChanging
+    {
+        if (_idMilestone >= milestones.length) throw;
+        Milestone milestone = milestones[_idMilestone];
+        if ((msg.sender != milestone.reviewer) ||
+            (milestone.status != MilestoneStatus.Completed)) throw;
+
+        milestone.status = MilestoneStatus.AcceptedAndInProgress;
+        ProposalStatusChanged(_idMilestone, milestone.status);
+    }
+
+    /// @notice `onlyRecipientOrLeadLink` Sends the milestone payment as
+    ///  specified in `payData`; the recipient can only call this after the
+    ///  `reviewTime` has elapsed
+    /// @param _idMilestone ID of the milestone to be paid out
+    function requestMilestonePayment(uint _idMilestone
+        ) campaignNotCanceled notChanging {
+        if (_idMilestone >= milestones.length) throw;
+        Milestone milestone = milestones[_idMilestone];
+        if (  (msg.sender != milestone.milestoneLeadLink)
+            &&(msg.sender != recipient))
+            throw;
+        if  ((milestone.status != MilestoneStatus.Completed) ||
+             (now < milestone.doneTime + milestone.reviewTime))
+            throw;
+
+        authorizePayment(_idMilestone);
+    }
+
+    /// @notice `onlyRecipient` Cancels a previously accepted milestone
+    /// @param _idMilestone ID of the milestone to be canceled
+    function cancelMilestone(uint _idMilestone)
+        onlyRecipient campaignNotCanceled notChanging
+    {
+        if (_idMilestone >= milestones.length) throw;
+        Milestone milestone = milestones[_idMilestone];
+        if  ((milestone.status != MilestoneStatus.AcceptedAndInProgress) &&
+             (milestone.status != MilestoneStatus.Completed))
+            throw;
+
+        milestone.status = MilestoneStatus.Canceled;
+        ProposalStatusChanged(_idMilestone, milestone.status);
+    }
+
+    /// @notice `onlyArbitrator` Forces a milestone to be paid out as long as it
+    /// has not been paid or canceled
+    /// @param _idMilestone ID of the milestone to be paid out
+    function arbitrateApproveMilestone(uint _idMilestone
+    ) onlyArbitrator campaignNotCanceled notChanging {
+        if (_idMilestone >= milestones.length) throw;
+        Milestone milestone = milestones[_idMilestone];
+        if  ((milestone.status != MilestoneStatus.AcceptedAndInProgress) &&
+             (milestone.status != MilestoneStatus.Completed))
+           throw;
+        authorizePayment(_idMilestone);
+    }
+
+    /// @notice `onlyArbitrator` Cancels the entire campaign voiding all
+    ///  milestones.
+    function arbitrateCancelCampaign() onlyArbitrator campaignNotCanceled {
+        campaignCanceled = true;
+        CampaignCanceled();
+    }
+
+    // @dev This internal function is executed when the milestone is paid out
+    function authorizePayment(uint _idMilestone) internal {
+        if (_idMilestone >= milestones.length) throw;
+        Milestone milestone = milestones[_idMilestone];
+        // Recheck again to not pay twice
+        if (milestone.status == MilestoneStatus.AuthorizedForPayment) throw;
+        milestone.status = MilestoneStatus.AuthorizedForPayment;
+        if (!milestone.paymentSource.call.value(0)(milestone.payData))
+            throw;
+        ProposalStatusChanged(_idMilestone, milestone.status);
+    }
+}
diff --git a/test/compilationTests/milestonetracker/README.md b/test/compilationTests/milestonetracker/README.md
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..84fb980e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/compilationTests/milestonetracker/README.md
@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+Giveth milestone tracker, originally from
+
+https://github.com/Giveth/milestonetracker/
diff --git a/test/compilationTests/milestonetracker/RLP.sol b/test/compilationTests/milestonetracker/RLP.sol
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..5bb27bb2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/compilationTests/milestonetracker/RLP.sol
@@ -0,0 +1,416 @@
+pragma solidity ^0.4.6;
+
+/**
+* @title RLPReader
+*
+* RLPReader is used to read and parse RLP encoded data in memory.
+*
+* @author Andreas Olofsson (androlo1980@gmail.com)
+*/
+library RLP {
+
+ uint constant DATA_SHORT_START = 0x80;
+ uint constant DATA_LONG_START = 0xB8;
+ uint constant LIST_SHORT_START = 0xC0;
+ uint constant LIST_LONG_START = 0xF8;
+
+ uint constant DATA_LONG_OFFSET = 0xB7;
+ uint constant LIST_LONG_OFFSET = 0xF7;
+
+
+ struct RLPItem {
+     uint _unsafe_memPtr;    // Pointer to the RLP-encoded bytes.
+     uint _unsafe_length;    // Number of bytes. This is the full length of the string.
+ }
+
+ struct Iterator {
+     RLPItem _unsafe_item;   // Item that's being iterated over.
+     uint _unsafe_nextPtr;   // Position of the next item in the list.
+ }
+
+ /* Iterator */
+
+ function next(Iterator memory self) internal constant returns (RLPItem memory subItem) {
+     if(hasNext(self)) {
+         var ptr = self._unsafe_nextPtr;
+         var itemLength = _itemLength(ptr);
+         subItem._unsafe_memPtr = ptr;
+         subItem._unsafe_length = itemLength;
+         self._unsafe_nextPtr = ptr + itemLength;
+     }
+     else
+         throw;
+ }
+
+ function next(Iterator memory self, bool strict) internal constant returns (RLPItem memory subItem) {
+     subItem = next(self);
+     if(strict && !_validate(subItem))
+         throw;
+     return;
+ }
+
+ function hasNext(Iterator memory self) internal constant returns (bool) {
+     var item = self._unsafe_item;
+     return self._unsafe_nextPtr < item._unsafe_memPtr + item._unsafe_length;
+ }
+
+ /* RLPItem */
+
+ /// @dev Creates an RLPItem from an array of RLP encoded bytes.
+ /// @param self The RLP encoded bytes.
+ /// @return An RLPItem
+ function toRLPItem(bytes memory self) internal constant returns (RLPItem memory) {
+     uint len = self.length;
+     if (len == 0) {
+         return RLPItem(0, 0);
+     }
+     uint memPtr;
+     assembly {
+         memPtr := add(self, 0x20)
+     }
+     return RLPItem(memPtr, len);
+ }
+
+ /// @dev Creates an RLPItem from an array of RLP encoded bytes.
+ /// @param self The RLP encoded bytes.
+ /// @param strict Will throw if the data is not RLP encoded.
+ /// @return An RLPItem
+ function toRLPItem(bytes memory self, bool strict) internal constant returns (RLPItem memory) {
+     var item = toRLPItem(self);
+     if(strict) {
+         uint len = self.length;
+         if(_payloadOffset(item) > len)
+             throw;
+         if(_itemLength(item._unsafe_memPtr) != len)
+             throw;
+         if(!_validate(item))
+             throw;
+     }
+     return item;
+ }
+
+ /// @dev Check if the RLP item is null.
+ /// @param self The RLP item.
+ /// @return 'true' if the item is null.
+ function isNull(RLPItem memory self) internal constant returns (bool ret) {
+     return self._unsafe_length == 0;
+ }
+
+ /// @dev Check if the RLP item is a list.
+ /// @param self The RLP item.
+ /// @return 'true' if the item is a list.
+ function isList(RLPItem memory self) internal constant returns (bool ret) {
+     if (self._unsafe_length == 0)
+         return false;
+     uint memPtr = self._unsafe_memPtr;
+     assembly {
+         ret := iszero(lt(byte(0, mload(memPtr)), 0xC0))
+     }
+ }
+
+ /// @dev Check if the RLP item is data.
+ /// @param self The RLP item.
+ /// @return 'true' if the item is data.
+ function isData(RLPItem memory self) internal constant returns (bool ret) {
+     if (self._unsafe_length == 0)
+         return false;
+     uint memPtr = self._unsafe_memPtr;
+     assembly {
+         ret := lt(byte(0, mload(memPtr)), 0xC0)
+     }
+ }
+
+ /// @dev Check if the RLP item is empty (string or list).
+ /// @param self The RLP item.
+ /// @return 'true' if the item is null.
+ function isEmpty(RLPItem memory self) internal constant returns (bool ret) {
+     if(isNull(self))
+         return false;
+     uint b0;
+     uint memPtr = self._unsafe_memPtr;
+     assembly {
+         b0 := byte(0, mload(memPtr))
+     }
+     return (b0 == DATA_SHORT_START || b0 == LIST_SHORT_START);
+ }
+
+ /// @dev Get the number of items in an RLP encoded list.
+ /// @param self The RLP item.
+ /// @return The number of items.
+ function items(RLPItem memory self) internal constant returns (uint) {
+     if (!isList(self))
+         return 0;
+     uint b0;
+     uint memPtr = self._unsafe_memPtr;
+     assembly {
+         b0 := byte(0, mload(memPtr))
+     }
+     uint pos = memPtr + _payloadOffset(self);
+     uint last = memPtr + self._unsafe_length - 1;
+     uint itms;
+     while(pos <= last) {
+         pos += _itemLength(pos);
+         itms++;
+     }
+     return itms;
+ }
+
+ /// @dev Create an iterator.
+ /// @param self The RLP item.
+ /// @return An 'Iterator' over the item.
+ function iterator(RLPItem memory self) internal constant returns (Iterator memory it) {
+     if (!isList(self))
+         throw;
+     uint ptr = self._unsafe_memPtr + _payloadOffset(self);
+     it._unsafe_item = self;
+     it._unsafe_nextPtr = ptr;
+ }
+
+ /// @dev Return the RLP encoded bytes.
+ /// @param self The RLPItem.
+ /// @return The bytes.
+ function toBytes(RLPItem memory self) internal constant returns (bytes memory bts) {
+     var len = self._unsafe_length;
+     if (len == 0)
+         return;
+     bts = new bytes(len);
+     _copyToBytes(self._unsafe_memPtr, bts, len);
+ }
+
+ /// @dev Decode an RLPItem into bytes. This will not work if the
+ /// RLPItem is a list.
+ /// @param self The RLPItem.
+ /// @return The decoded string.
+ function toData(RLPItem memory self) internal constant returns (bytes memory bts) {
+     if(!isData(self))
+         throw;
+     var (rStartPos, len) = _decode(self);
+     bts = new bytes(len);
+     _copyToBytes(rStartPos, bts, len);
+ }
+
+ /// @dev Get the list of sub-items from an RLP encoded list.
+ /// Warning: This is inefficient, as it requires that the list is read twice.
+ /// @param self The RLP item.
+ /// @return Array of RLPItems.
+ function toList(RLPItem memory self) internal constant returns (RLPItem[] memory list) {
+     if(!isList(self))
+         throw;
+     var numItems = items(self);
+     list = new RLPItem[](numItems);
+     var it = iterator(self);
+     uint idx;
+     while(hasNext(it)) {
+         list[idx] = next(it);
+         idx++;
+     }
+ }
+
+ /// @dev Decode an RLPItem into an ascii string. This will not work if the
+ /// RLPItem is a list.
+ /// @param self The RLPItem.
+ /// @return The decoded string.
+ function toAscii(RLPItem memory self) internal constant returns (string memory str) {
+     if(!isData(self))
+         throw;
+     var (rStartPos, len) = _decode(self);
+     bytes memory bts = new bytes(len);
+     _copyToBytes(rStartPos, bts, len);
+     str = string(bts);
+ }
+
+ /// @dev Decode an RLPItem into a uint. This will not work if the
+ /// RLPItem is a list.
+ /// @param self The RLPItem.
+ /// @return The decoded string.
+ function toUint(RLPItem memory self) internal constant returns (uint data) {
+     if(!isData(self))
+         throw;
+     var (rStartPos, len) = _decode(self);
+     if (len > 32 || len == 0)
+         throw;
+     assembly {
+         data := div(mload(rStartPos), exp(256, sub(32, len)))
+     }
+ }
+
+ /// @dev Decode an RLPItem into a boolean. This will not work if the
+ /// RLPItem is a list.
+ /// @param self The RLPItem.
+ /// @return The decoded string.
+ function toBool(RLPItem memory self) internal constant returns (bool data) {
+     if(!isData(self))
+         throw;
+     var (rStartPos, len) = _decode(self);
+     if (len != 1)
+         throw;
+     uint temp;
+     assembly {
+         temp := byte(0, mload(rStartPos))
+     }
+     if (temp > 1)
+         throw;
+     return temp == 1 ? true : false;
+ }
+
+ /// @dev Decode an RLPItem into a byte. This will not work if the
+ /// RLPItem is a list.
+ /// @param self The RLPItem.
+ /// @return The decoded string.
+ function toByte(RLPItem memory self) internal constant returns (byte data) {
+     if(!isData(self))
+         throw;
+     var (rStartPos, len) = _decode(self);
+     if (len != 1)
+         throw;
+     uint temp;
+     assembly {
+         temp := byte(0, mload(rStartPos))
+     }
+     return byte(temp);
+ }
+
+ /// @dev Decode an RLPItem into an int. This will not work if the
+ /// RLPItem is a list.
+ /// @param self The RLPItem.
+ /// @return The decoded string.
+ function toInt(RLPItem memory self) internal constant returns (int data) {
+     return int(toUint(self));
+ }
+
+ /// @dev Decode an RLPItem into a bytes32. This will not work if the
+ /// RLPItem is a list.
+ /// @param self The RLPItem.
+ /// @return The decoded string.
+ function toBytes32(RLPItem memory self) internal constant returns (bytes32 data) {
+     return bytes32(toUint(self));
+ }
+
+ /// @dev Decode an RLPItem into an address. This will not work if the
+ /// RLPItem is a list.
+ /// @param self The RLPItem.
+ /// @return The decoded string.
+ function toAddress(RLPItem memory self) internal constant returns (address data) {
+     if(!isData(self))
+         throw;
+     var (rStartPos, len) = _decode(self);
+     if (len != 20)
+         throw;
+     assembly {
+         data := div(mload(rStartPos), exp(256, 12))
+     }
+ }
+
+ // Get the payload offset.
+ function _payloadOffset(RLPItem memory self) private constant returns (uint) {
+     if(self._unsafe_length == 0)
+         return 0;
+     uint b0;
+     uint memPtr = self._unsafe_memPtr;
+     assembly {
+         b0 := byte(0, mload(memPtr))
+     }
+     if(b0 < DATA_SHORT_START)
+         return 0;
+     if(b0 < DATA_LONG_START || (b0 >= LIST_SHORT_START && b0 < LIST_LONG_START))
+         return 1;
+     if(b0 < LIST_SHORT_START)
+         return b0 - DATA_LONG_OFFSET + 1;
+     return b0 - LIST_LONG_OFFSET + 1;
+ }
+
+ // Get the full length of an RLP item.
+ function _itemLength(uint memPtr) private constant returns (uint len) {
+     uint b0;
+     assembly {
+         b0 := byte(0, mload(memPtr))
+     }
+     if (b0 < DATA_SHORT_START)
+         len = 1;
+     else if (b0 < DATA_LONG_START)
+         len = b0 - DATA_SHORT_START + 1;
+     else if (b0 < LIST_SHORT_START) {
+         assembly {
+             let bLen := sub(b0, 0xB7) // bytes length (DATA_LONG_OFFSET)
+             let dLen := div(mload(add(memPtr, 1)), exp(256, sub(32, bLen))) // data length
+             len := add(1, add(bLen, dLen)) // total length
+         }
+     }
+     else if (b0 < LIST_LONG_START)
+         len = b0 - LIST_SHORT_START + 1;
+     else {
+         assembly {
+             let bLen := sub(b0, 0xF7) // bytes length (LIST_LONG_OFFSET)
+             let dLen := div(mload(add(memPtr, 1)), exp(256, sub(32, bLen))) // data length
+             len := add(1, add(bLen, dLen)) // total length
+         }
+     }
+ }
+
+ // Get start position and length of the data.
+ function _decode(RLPItem memory self) private constant returns (uint memPtr, uint len) {
+     if(!isData(self))
+         throw;
+     uint b0;
+     uint start = self._unsafe_memPtr;
+     assembly {
+         b0 := byte(0, mload(start))
+     }
+     if (b0 < DATA_SHORT_START) {
+         memPtr = start;
+         len = 1;
+         return;
+     }
+     if (b0 < DATA_LONG_START) {
+         len = self._unsafe_length - 1;
+         memPtr = start + 1;
+     } else {
+         uint bLen;
+         assembly {
+             bLen := sub(b0, 0xB7) // DATA_LONG_OFFSET
+         }
+         len = self._unsafe_length - 1 - bLen;
+         memPtr = start + bLen + 1;
+     }
+     return;
+ }
+
+ // Assumes that enough memory has been allocated to store in target.
+ function _copyToBytes(uint btsPtr, bytes memory tgt, uint btsLen) private constant {
+     // Exploiting the fact that 'tgt' was the last thing to be allocated,
+     // we can write entire words, and just overwrite any excess.
+     assembly {
+         {
+                 let i := 0 // Start at arr + 0x20
+                 let words := div(add(btsLen, 31), 32)
+                 let rOffset := btsPtr
+                 let wOffset := add(tgt, 0x20)
+             tag_loop:
+                 jumpi(end, eq(i, words))
+                 {
+                     let offset := mul(i, 0x20)
+                     mstore(add(wOffset, offset), mload(add(rOffset, offset)))
+                     i := add(i, 1)
+                 }
+                 jump(tag_loop)
+             end:
+                 mstore(add(tgt, add(0x20, mload(tgt))), 0)
+         }
+     }
+ }
+
+ // Check that an RLP item is valid.
+     function _validate(RLPItem memory self) private constant returns (bool ret) {
+         // Check that RLP is well-formed.
+         uint b0;
+         uint b1;
+         uint memPtr = self._unsafe_memPtr;
+         assembly {
+             b0 := byte(0, mload(memPtr))
+             b1 := byte(1, mload(memPtr))
+         }
+         if(b0 == DATA_SHORT_START + 1 && b1 < DATA_SHORT_START)
+             return false;
+         return true;
+     }
+}