/* This file is part of solidity. solidity is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or (at your option) any later version. solidity is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU General Public License for more details. You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License along with solidity. If not, see . */ /** * Common code generator for translating Yul / inline assembly to EVM and EVM1.5. */ #include #include #include #include #include #include using namespace std; using namespace dev; using namespace yul; using namespace dev::solidity; void VariableReferenceCounter::operator()(Identifier const& _identifier) { increaseRefIfFound(_identifier.name); } void VariableReferenceCounter::operator()(FunctionDefinition const& _function) { Scope* originalScope = m_scope; solAssert(m_info.virtualBlocks.at(&_function), ""); m_scope = m_info.scopes.at(m_info.virtualBlocks.at(&_function).get()).get(); solAssert(m_scope, "Variable scope does not exist."); for (auto const& v: _function.returnVariables) increaseRefIfFound(v.name); VariableReferenceCounter{m_context, m_info}(_function.body); m_scope = originalScope; } void VariableReferenceCounter::operator()(ForLoop const& _forLoop) { Scope* originalScope = m_scope; // Special scoping rules. m_scope = m_info.scopes.at(&_forLoop.pre).get(); walkVector(_forLoop.pre.statements); visit(*_forLoop.condition); (*this)(_forLoop.body); (*this)(_forLoop.post); m_scope = originalScope; } void VariableReferenceCounter::operator()(Block const& _block) { Scope* originalScope = m_scope; m_scope = m_info.scopes.at(&_block).get(); ASTWalker::operator()(_block); m_scope = originalScope; } void VariableReferenceCounter::increaseRefIfFound(YulString _variableName) { m_scope->lookup(_variableName, Scope::Visitor( [=](Scope::Variable const& _var) { ++m_context.variableReferences[&_var]; }, [=](Scope::Label const&) { }, [=](Scope::Function const&) { } )); } CodeTransform::CodeTransform( AbstractAssembly& _assembly, AsmAnalysisInfo& _analysisInfo, Block const& _block, bool _allowStackOpt, EVMDialect const& _dialect, bool _evm15, ExternalIdentifierAccess const& _identifierAccess, bool _useNamedLabelsForFunctions, int _stackAdjustment, shared_ptr _context ): m_assembly(_assembly), m_info(_analysisInfo), m_dialect(_dialect), m_allowStackOpt(_allowStackOpt), m_evm15(_evm15), m_useNamedLabelsForFunctions(_useNamedLabelsForFunctions), m_identifierAccess(_identifierAccess), m_stackAdjustment(_stackAdjustment), m_context(_context) { if (!m_context) { // initialize m_context = make_shared(); if (m_allowStackOpt) VariableReferenceCounter{*m_context, m_info}(_block); } } void CodeTransform::decreaseReference(YulString, Scope::Variable const& _var) { if (!m_allowStackOpt) return; unsigned& ref = m_context->variableReferences.at(&_var); solAssert(ref >= 1, ""); --ref; if (ref == 0) m_variablesScheduledForDeletion.insert(&_var); } bool CodeTransform::unreferenced(Scope::Variable const& _var) const { return !m_context->variableReferences.count(&_var) || m_context->variableReferences[&_var] == 0; } void CodeTransform::freeUnusedVariables() { if (!m_allowStackOpt) return; for (auto const& identifier: m_scope->identifiers) if (identifier.second.type() == typeid(Scope::Variable)) { Scope::Variable const& var = boost::get(identifier.second); if (m_variablesScheduledForDeletion.count(&var)) deleteVariable(var); } while (m_unusedStackSlots.count(m_assembly.stackHeight() - 1)) { solAssert(m_unusedStackSlots.erase(m_assembly.stackHeight() - 1), ""); m_assembly.appendInstruction(solidity::Instruction::POP); --m_stackAdjustment; } } void CodeTransform::deleteVariable(Scope::Variable const& _var) { solAssert(m_allowStackOpt, ""); solAssert(m_context->variableStackHeights.count(&_var) > 0, ""); m_unusedStackSlots.insert(m_context->variableStackHeights[&_var]); m_context->variableStackHeights.erase(&_var); m_context->variableReferences.erase(&_var); m_variablesScheduledForDeletion.erase(&_var); } void CodeTransform::operator()(VariableDeclaration const& _varDecl) { solAssert(m_scope, ""); int const numVariables = _varDecl.variables.size(); int height = m_assembly.stackHeight(); if (_varDecl.value) { boost::apply_visitor(*this, *_varDecl.value); expectDeposit(numVariables, height); } else { int variablesLeft = numVariables; while (variablesLeft--) m_assembly.appendConstant(u256(0)); } bool atTopOfStack = true; for (int varIndex = numVariables - 1; varIndex >= 0; --varIndex) { auto& var = boost::get(m_scope->identifiers.at(_varDecl.variables[varIndex].name)); m_context->variableStackHeights[&var] = height + varIndex; if (!m_allowStackOpt) continue; if (unreferenced(var)) { if (atTopOfStack) { m_context->variableStackHeights.erase(&var); m_assembly.setSourceLocation(_varDecl.location); m_assembly.appendInstruction(solidity::Instruction::POP); --m_stackAdjustment; } else m_variablesScheduledForDeletion.insert(&var); } else if (m_unusedStackSlots.empty()) atTopOfStack = false; else { int slot = *m_unusedStackSlots.begin(); m_unusedStackSlots.erase(m_unusedStackSlots.begin()); m_context->variableStackHeights[&var] = slot; m_assembly.setSourceLocation(_varDecl.location); if (int heightDiff = variableHeightDiff(var, true)) m_assembly.appendInstruction(solidity::swapInstruction(heightDiff - 1)); m_assembly.appendInstruction(solidity::Instruction::POP); --m_stackAdjustment; } } checkStackHeight(&_varDecl); } void CodeTransform::operator()(Assignment const& _assignment) { int height = m_assembly.stackHeight(); boost::apply_visitor(*this, *_assignment.value); expectDeposit(_assignment.variableNames.size(), height); m_assembly.setSourceLocation(_assignment.location); generateMultiAssignment(_assignment.variableNames); checkStackHeight(&_assignment); } void CodeTransform::operator()(StackAssignment const& _assignment) { solAssert(!m_allowStackOpt, ""); m_assembly.setSourceLocation(_assignment.location); generateAssignment(_assignment.variableName); checkStackHeight(&_assignment); } void CodeTransform::operator()(ExpressionStatement const& _statement) { m_assembly.setSourceLocation(_statement.location); boost::apply_visitor(*this, _statement.expression); checkStackHeight(&_statement); } void CodeTransform::operator()(Label const& _label) { solAssert(!m_allowStackOpt, ""); m_assembly.setSourceLocation(_label.location); solAssert(m_scope, ""); solAssert(m_scope->identifiers.count(_label.name), ""); Scope::Label& label = boost::get(m_scope->identifiers.at(_label.name)); m_assembly.appendLabel(labelID(label)); checkStackHeight(&_label); } void CodeTransform::operator()(FunctionCall const& _call) { solAssert(m_scope, ""); if (BuiltinFunctionForEVM const* builtin = m_dialect.builtin(_call.functionName.name)) { builtin->generateCode(_call, m_assembly, [&]() { for (auto const& arg: _call.arguments | boost::adaptors::reversed) visitExpression(arg); m_assembly.setSourceLocation(_call.location); }); } else { m_assembly.setSourceLocation(_call.location); EVMAssembly::LabelID returnLabel(-1); // only used for evm 1.0 if (!m_evm15) { returnLabel = m_assembly.newLabelId(); m_assembly.appendLabelReference(returnLabel); m_stackAdjustment++; } Scope::Function* function = nullptr; solAssert(m_scope->lookup(_call.functionName.name, Scope::NonconstVisitor( [=](Scope::Variable&) { solAssert(false, "Expected function name."); }, [=](Scope::Label&) { solAssert(false, "Expected function name."); }, [&](Scope::Function& _function) { function = &_function; } )), "Function name not found."); solAssert(function, ""); solAssert(function->arguments.size() == _call.arguments.size(), ""); for (auto const& arg: _call.arguments | boost::adaptors::reversed) visitExpression(arg); m_assembly.setSourceLocation(_call.location); if (m_evm15) m_assembly.appendJumpsub(functionEntryID(_call.functionName.name, *function), function->arguments.size(), function->returns.size()); else { m_assembly.appendJumpTo(functionEntryID(_call.functionName.name, *function), function->returns.size() - function->arguments.size() - 1); m_assembly.appendLabel(returnLabel); m_stackAdjustment--; } checkStackHeight(&_call); } } void CodeTransform::operator()(FunctionalInstruction const& _instruction) { if (m_evm15 && ( _instruction.instruction == solidity::Instruction::JUMP || _instruction.instruction == solidity::Instruction::JUMPI )) { bool const isJumpI = _instruction.instruction == solidity::Instruction::JUMPI; if (isJumpI) { solAssert(_instruction.arguments.size() == 2, ""); visitExpression(_instruction.arguments.at(1)); } else { solAssert(_instruction.arguments.size() == 1, ""); } m_assembly.setSourceLocation(_instruction.location); auto label = labelFromIdentifier(boost::get(_instruction.arguments.at(0))); if (isJumpI) m_assembly.appendJumpToIf(label); else m_assembly.appendJumpTo(label); } else { for (auto const& arg: _instruction.arguments | boost::adaptors::reversed) visitExpression(arg); m_assembly.setSourceLocation(_instruction.location); m_assembly.appendInstruction(_instruction.instruction); } checkStackHeight(&_instruction); } void CodeTransform::operator()(Identifier const& _identifier) { m_assembly.setSourceLocation(_identifier.location); // First search internals, then externals. solAssert(m_scope, ""); if (m_scope->lookup(_identifier.name, Scope::NonconstVisitor( [=](Scope::Variable& _var) { // TODO: opportunity for optimization: Do not DUP if this is the last reference // to the top most element of the stack if (int heightDiff = variableHeightDiff(_var, false)) m_assembly.appendInstruction(solidity::dupInstruction(heightDiff)); else // Store something to balance the stack m_assembly.appendConstant(u256(0)); decreaseReference(_identifier.name, _var); }, [=](Scope::Label& _label) { m_assembly.appendLabelReference(labelID(_label)); }, [=](Scope::Function&) { solAssert(false, "Function not removed during desugaring."); } ))) { return; } solAssert( m_identifierAccess.generateCode, "Identifier not found and no external access available." ); m_identifierAccess.generateCode(_identifier, IdentifierContext::RValue, m_assembly); checkStackHeight(&_identifier); } void CodeTransform::operator()(Literal const& _literal) { m_assembly.setSourceLocation(_literal.location); if (_literal.kind == LiteralKind::Number) m_assembly.appendConstant(u256(_literal.value.str())); else if (_literal.kind == LiteralKind::Boolean) { if (_literal.value.str() == "true") m_assembly.appendConstant(u256(1)); else m_assembly.appendConstant(u256(0)); } else { solAssert(_literal.value.str().size() <= 32, ""); m_assembly.appendConstant(u256(h256(_literal.value.str(), h256::FromBinary, h256::AlignLeft))); } checkStackHeight(&_literal); } void CodeTransform::operator()(yul::Instruction const& _instruction) { solAssert(!m_allowStackOpt, ""); solAssert(!m_evm15 || _instruction.instruction != solidity::Instruction::JUMP, "Bare JUMP instruction used for EVM1.5"); solAssert(!m_evm15 || _instruction.instruction != solidity::Instruction::JUMPI, "Bare JUMPI instruction used for EVM1.5"); m_assembly.setSourceLocation(_instruction.location); m_assembly.appendInstruction(_instruction.instruction); checkStackHeight(&_instruction); } void CodeTransform::operator()(If const& _if) { visitExpression(*_if.condition); m_assembly.setSourceLocation(_if.location); m_assembly.appendInstruction(solidity::Instruction::ISZERO); AbstractAssembly::LabelID end = m_assembly.newLabelId(); m_assembly.appendJumpToIf(end); (*this)(_if.body); m_assembly.setSourceLocation(_if.location); m_assembly.appendLabel(end); checkStackHeight(&_if); } void CodeTransform::operator()(Switch const& _switch) { //@TODO use JUMPV in EVM1.5? visitExpression(*_switch.expression); int expressionHeight = m_assembly.stackHeight(); map caseBodies; AbstractAssembly::LabelID end = m_assembly.newLabelId(); for (Case const& c: _switch.cases) { if (c.value) { (*this)(*c.value); m_assembly.setSourceLocation(c.location); AbstractAssembly::LabelID bodyLabel = m_assembly.newLabelId(); caseBodies[&c] = bodyLabel; solAssert(m_assembly.stackHeight() == expressionHeight + 1, ""); m_assembly.appendInstruction(solidity::dupInstruction(2)); m_assembly.appendInstruction(solidity::Instruction::EQ); m_assembly.appendJumpToIf(bodyLabel); } else // default case (*this)(c.body); } m_assembly.setSourceLocation(_switch.location); m_assembly.appendJumpTo(end); size_t numCases = caseBodies.size(); for (auto const& c: caseBodies) { m_assembly.setSourceLocation(c.first->location); m_assembly.appendLabel(c.second); (*this)(c.first->body); // Avoid useless "jump to next" for the last case. if (--numCases > 0) { m_assembly.setSourceLocation(c.first->location); m_assembly.appendJumpTo(end); } } m_assembly.setSourceLocation(_switch.location); m_assembly.appendLabel(end); m_assembly.appendInstruction(solidity::Instruction::POP); checkStackHeight(&_switch); } void CodeTransform::operator()(FunctionDefinition const& _function) { solAssert(m_scope, ""); solAssert(m_scope->identifiers.count(_function.name), ""); Scope::Function& function = boost::get(m_scope->identifiers.at(_function.name)); int const localStackAdjustment = m_evm15 ? 0 : 1; int height = localStackAdjustment; solAssert(m_info.scopes.at(&_function.body), ""); Scope* varScope = m_info.scopes.at(m_info.virtualBlocks.at(&_function).get()).get(); solAssert(varScope, ""); for (auto const& v: _function.parameters | boost::adaptors::reversed) { auto& var = boost::get(varScope->identifiers.at(v.name)); m_context->variableStackHeights[&var] = height++; } m_assembly.setSourceLocation(_function.location); int stackHeightBefore = m_assembly.stackHeight(); AbstractAssembly::LabelID afterFunction = m_assembly.newLabelId(); if (m_evm15) { m_assembly.appendJumpTo(afterFunction, -stackHeightBefore); m_assembly.appendBeginsub(functionEntryID(_function.name, function), _function.parameters.size()); } else { m_assembly.appendJumpTo(afterFunction, -stackHeightBefore + height); m_assembly.appendLabel(functionEntryID(_function.name, function)); } m_stackAdjustment += localStackAdjustment; for (auto const& v: _function.returnVariables) { auto& var = boost::get(varScope->identifiers.at(v.name)); m_context->variableStackHeights[&var] = height++; // Preset stack slots for return variables to zero. m_assembly.appendConstant(u256(0)); } CodeTransform( m_assembly, m_info, _function.body, m_allowStackOpt, m_dialect, m_evm15, m_identifierAccess, m_useNamedLabelsForFunctions, localStackAdjustment, m_context )(_function.body); { // The stack layout here is: // ? // But we would like it to be: // ? // So we have to append some SWAP and POP instructions. // This vector holds the desired target positions of all stack slots and is // modified parallel to the actual stack. vector stackLayout; if (!m_evm15) stackLayout.push_back(_function.returnVariables.size()); // Move return label to the top stackLayout += vector(_function.parameters.size(), -1); // discard all arguments for (size_t i = 0; i < _function.returnVariables.size(); ++i) stackLayout.push_back(i); // Move return values down, but keep order. solAssert(stackLayout.size() <= 17, "Stack too deep"); while (!stackLayout.empty() && stackLayout.back() != int(stackLayout.size() - 1)) if (stackLayout.back() < 0) { m_assembly.appendInstruction(solidity::Instruction::POP); stackLayout.pop_back(); } else { m_assembly.appendInstruction(swapInstruction(stackLayout.size() - stackLayout.back() - 1)); swap(stackLayout[stackLayout.back()], stackLayout.back()); } for (int i = 0; size_t(i) < stackLayout.size(); ++i) solAssert(i == stackLayout[i], "Error reshuffling stack."); } if (m_evm15) m_assembly.appendReturnsub(_function.returnVariables.size(), stackHeightBefore); else m_assembly.appendJump(stackHeightBefore - _function.returnVariables.size()); m_stackAdjustment -= localStackAdjustment; m_assembly.appendLabel(afterFunction); checkStackHeight(&_function); } void CodeTransform::operator()(ForLoop const& _forLoop) { Scope* originalScope = m_scope; // We start with visiting the block, but not finalizing it. m_scope = m_info.scopes.at(&_forLoop.pre).get(); int stackStartHeight = m_assembly.stackHeight(); visitStatements(_forLoop.pre.statements); // TODO: When we implement break and continue, the labels and the stack heights at that point // have to be stored in a stack. AbstractAssembly::LabelID loopStart = m_assembly.newLabelId(); AbstractAssembly::LabelID loopEnd = m_assembly.newLabelId(); AbstractAssembly::LabelID postPart = m_assembly.newLabelId(); m_assembly.setSourceLocation(_forLoop.location); m_assembly.appendLabel(loopStart); visitExpression(*_forLoop.condition); m_assembly.setSourceLocation(_forLoop.location); m_assembly.appendInstruction(solidity::Instruction::ISZERO); m_assembly.appendJumpToIf(loopEnd); (*this)(_forLoop.body); m_assembly.setSourceLocation(_forLoop.location); m_assembly.appendLabel(postPart); (*this)(_forLoop.post); m_assembly.setSourceLocation(_forLoop.location); m_assembly.appendJumpTo(loopStart); m_assembly.appendLabel(loopEnd); finalizeBlock(_forLoop.pre, stackStartHeight); m_scope = originalScope; } void CodeTransform::operator()(Block const& _block) { Scope* originalScope = m_scope; m_scope = m_info.scopes.at(&_block).get(); int blockStartStackHeight = m_assembly.stackHeight(); visitStatements(_block.statements); finalizeBlock(_block, blockStartStackHeight); m_scope = originalScope; } AbstractAssembly::LabelID CodeTransform::labelFromIdentifier(Identifier const& _identifier) { AbstractAssembly::LabelID label = AbstractAssembly::LabelID(-1); if (!m_scope->lookup(_identifier.name, Scope::NonconstVisitor( [=](Scope::Variable&) { solAssert(false, "Expected label"); }, [&](Scope::Label& _label) { label = labelID(_label); }, [=](Scope::Function&) { solAssert(false, "Expected label"); } ))) { solAssert(false, "Identifier not found."); } return label; } AbstractAssembly::LabelID CodeTransform::labelID(Scope::Label const& _label) { if (!m_context->labelIDs.count(&_label)) m_context->labelIDs[&_label] = m_assembly.newLabelId(); return m_context->labelIDs[&_label]; } AbstractAssembly::LabelID CodeTransform::functionEntryID(YulString _name, Scope::Function const& _function) { if (!m_context->functionEntryIDs.count(&_function)) { AbstractAssembly::LabelID id = m_useNamedLabelsForFunctions ? m_assembly.namedLabel(_name.str()) : m_assembly.newLabelId(); m_context->functionEntryIDs[&_function] = id; } return m_context->functionEntryIDs[&_function]; } void CodeTransform::visitExpression(Expression const& _expression) { int height = m_assembly.stackHeight(); boost::apply_visitor(*this, _expression); expectDeposit(1, height); } void CodeTransform::visitStatements(vector const& _statements) { for (auto const& statement: _statements) { freeUnusedVariables(); boost::apply_visitor(*this, statement); } freeUnusedVariables(); } void CodeTransform::finalizeBlock(Block const& _block, int blockStartStackHeight) { m_assembly.setSourceLocation(_block.location); freeUnusedVariables(); // pop variables solAssert(m_info.scopes.at(&_block).get() == m_scope, ""); for (auto const& id: m_scope->identifiers) if (id.second.type() == typeid(Scope::Variable)) { Scope::Variable const& var = boost::get(id.second); if (m_allowStackOpt) { solAssert(!m_context->variableStackHeights.count(&var), ""); solAssert(!m_context->variableReferences.count(&var), ""); m_stackAdjustment++; } else m_assembly.appendInstruction(solidity::Instruction::POP); } int deposit = m_assembly.stackHeight() - blockStartStackHeight; solAssert(deposit == 0, "Invalid stack height at end of block: " + to_string(deposit)); checkStackHeight(&_block); } void CodeTransform::generateMultiAssignment(vector const& _variableNames) { solAssert(m_scope, ""); for (auto const& variableName: _variableNames | boost::adaptors::reversed) generateAssignment(variableName); } void CodeTransform::generateAssignment(Identifier const& _variableName) { solAssert(m_scope, ""); if (auto var = m_scope->lookup(_variableName.name)) { Scope::Variable const& _var = boost::get(*var); if (int heightDiff = variableHeightDiff(_var, true)) m_assembly.appendInstruction(solidity::swapInstruction(heightDiff - 1)); m_assembly.appendInstruction(solidity::Instruction::POP); decreaseReference(_variableName.name, _var); } else { solAssert( m_identifierAccess.generateCode, "Identifier not found and no external access available." ); m_identifierAccess.generateCode(_variableName, IdentifierContext::LValue, m_assembly); } } int CodeTransform::variableHeightDiff(Scope::Variable const& _var, bool _forSwap) const { solAssert(m_context->variableStackHeights.count(&_var), ""); int heightDiff = m_assembly.stackHeight() - m_context->variableStackHeights[&_var]; if (heightDiff <= (_forSwap ? 1 : 0) || heightDiff > (_forSwap ? 17 : 16)) { solUnimplemented( "Variable inaccessible, too deep inside stack (" + to_string(heightDiff) + ")" ); return 0; } else return heightDiff; } void CodeTransform::expectDeposit(int _deposit, int _oldHeight) const { solAssert(m_assembly.stackHeight() == _oldHeight + _deposit, "Invalid stack deposit."); } void CodeTransform::checkStackHeight(void const* _astElement) const { solAssert(m_info.stackHeightInfo.count(_astElement), "Stack height for AST element not found."); int stackHeightInAnalysis = m_info.stackHeightInfo.at(_astElement); int stackHeightInCodegen = m_assembly.stackHeight() - m_stackAdjustment; solAssert( stackHeightInAnalysis == stackHeightInCodegen, "Stack height mismatch between analysis and code generation phase: Analysis: " + to_string(stackHeightInAnalysis) + " code gen: " + to_string(stackHeightInCodegen) ); }