1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
80
81
82
83
84
85
86
87
88
89
90
91
92
93
94
95
96
97
98
99
100
101
102
103
104
105
106
107
108
109
110
111
112
113
114
115
116
117
118
119
120
121
122
123
124
125
126
127
128
129
130
131
132
133
134
135
136
137
138
139
140
141
142
143
144
145
146
147
148
149
150
151
152
153
154
155
156
157
158
159
160
161
162
163
164
165
166
167
168
169
170
171
172
173
174
175
176
177
178
179
180
181
182
183
184
185
186
187
188
189
190
191
192
193
194
195
196
197
198
|
.. index:: ! visibility, external, public, private, internal
.. _visibility-and-getters:
**********************
Visibility and Getters
**********************
Since Solidity knows two kinds of function calls (internal
ones that do not create an actual EVM call (also called
a "message call") and external
ones that do), there are four types of visibilities for
functions and state variables.
Functions have to be specified as being ``external``,
``public``, ``internal`` or ``private``.
For state variables, ``external`` is not possible.
``external``:
External functions are part of the contract interface,
which means they can be called from other contracts and
via transactions. An external function ``f`` cannot be called
internally (i.e. ``f()`` does not work, but ``this.f()`` works).
External functions are sometimes more efficient when
they receive large arrays of data.
``public``:
Public functions are part of the contract interface
and can be either called internally or via
messages. For public state variables, an automatic getter
function (see below) is generated.
``internal``:
Those functions and state variables can only be
accessed internally (i.e. from within the current contract
or contracts deriving from it), without using ``this``.
``private``:
Private functions and state variables are only
visible for the contract they are defined in and not in
derived contracts.
.. note::
Everything that is inside a contract is visible to
all observers external to the blockchain. Making something ``private``
only prevents other contracts from accessing and modifying
the information, but it will still be visible to the
whole world outside of the blockchain.
The visibility specifier is given after the type for
state variables and between parameter list and
return parameter list for functions.
::
pragma solidity >=0.4.16 <0.6.0;
contract C {
function f(uint a) private pure returns (uint b) { return a + 1; }
function setData(uint a) internal { data = a; }
uint public data;
}
In the following example, ``D``, can call ``c.getData()`` to retrieve the value of
``data`` in state storage, but is not able to call ``f``. Contract ``E`` is derived from
``C`` and, thus, can call ``compute``.
::
pragma solidity >=0.4.0 <0.6.0;
contract C {
uint private data;
function f(uint a) private pure returns(uint b) { return a + 1; }
function setData(uint a) public { data = a; }
function getData() public view returns(uint) { return data; }
function compute(uint a, uint b) internal pure returns (uint) { return a + b; }
}
// This will not compile
contract D {
function readData() public {
C c = new C();
uint local = c.f(7); // error: member `f` is not visible
c.setData(3);
local = c.getData();
local = c.compute(3, 5); // error: member `compute` is not visible
}
}
contract E is C {
function g() public {
C c = new C();
uint val = compute(3, 5); // access to internal member (from derived to parent contract)
}
}
.. index:: ! getter;function, ! function;getter
.. _getter-functions:
Getter Functions
================
The compiler automatically creates getter functions for
all **public** state variables. For the contract given below, the compiler will
generate a function called ``data`` that does not take any
arguments and returns a ``uint``, the value of the state
variable ``data``. State variables can be initialized
when they are declared.
::
pragma solidity >=0.4.0 <0.6.0;
contract C {
uint public data = 42;
}
contract Caller {
C c = new C();
function f() public view returns (uint) {
return c.data();
}
}
The getter functions have external visibility. If the
symbol is accessed internally (i.e. without ``this.``),
it evaluates to a state variable. If it is accessed externally
(i.e. with ``this.``), it evaluates to a function.
::
pragma solidity >=0.4.0 <0.6.0;
contract C {
uint public data;
function x() public returns (uint) {
data = 3; // internal access
return this.data(); // external access
}
}
If you have a ``public`` state variable of array type, then you can only retrieve
single elements of the array via the generated getter function. This mechanism
exists to avoid high gas costs when returning an entire array. You can use
arguments to specify which individual element to return, for example
``data(0)``. If you want to return an entire array in one call, then you need
to write a function, for example:
::
pragma solidity >=0.4.0 <0.6.0;
contract arrayExample {
// public state variable
uint[] public myArray;
// Getter function generated by the compiler
/*
function myArray(uint i) returns (uint) {
return myArray[i];
}
*/
// function that returns entire array
function getArray() returns (uint[] memory) {
return myArray;
}
}
Now you can use ``getArray()`` to retrieve the entire array, instead of
``myArray(i)``, which returns a single element per call.
The next example is more complex:
::
pragma solidity >=0.4.0 <0.6.0;
contract Complex {
struct Data {
uint a;
bytes3 b;
mapping (uint => uint) map;
}
mapping (uint => mapping(bool => Data[])) public data;
}
It generates a function of the following form. The mapping in the struct is omitted
because there is no good way to provide the key for the mapping:
::
function data(uint arg1, bool arg2, uint arg3) public returns (uint a, bytes3 b) {
a = data[arg1][arg2][arg3].a;
b = data[arg1][arg2][arg3].b;
}
|
