Merge branch 'frontier/natspec' of https://github.com/ethersphere/go-ethereum into ethersphere-frontier/natspec

18 files changed, 5095 insertions, 72 deletions

diff --git a/cmd/geth/js.go b/cmd/geth/js.go
index 0061f20cf..6e5a6f1c7 100644
--- a/cmd/geth/js.go
+++ b/cmd/geth/js.go
@@ -25,7 +25,8 @@ import (
 	"strings"
 
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/cmd/utils"
-	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/core/types"
+	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/common/docserver"
+	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/common/natspec"
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/eth"
 	re "github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/jsre"
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/rpc"
@@ -139,10 +140,17 @@ var net = web3.net;
 	js.re.Eval(globalRegistrar + "registrar = new GlobalRegistrar(\"" + globalRegistrarAddr + "\");")
 }
 
-func (self *jsre) ConfirmTransaction(tx *types.Transaction) bool {
-	p := fmt.Sprintf("Confirm Transaction %v\n[y/n] ", tx)
-	answer, _ := self.Prompt(p)
-	return strings.HasPrefix(strings.Trim(answer, " "), "y")
+var ds, _ = docserver.New(utils.JSpathFlag.String())
+
+func (self *jsre) ConfirmTransaction(tx string) bool {
+	if self.ethereum.NatSpec {
+		notice := natspec.GetNotice(self.xeth, tx, ds)
+		fmt.Println(notice)
+		answer, _ := self.Prompt("Confirm Transaction\n[y/n] ")
+		return strings.HasPrefix(strings.Trim(answer, " "), "y")
+	} else {
+		return true
+	}
 }
 
 func (self *jsre) UnlockAccount(addr []byte) bool {
diff --git a/cmd/geth/main.go b/cmd/geth/main.go
index fa6a93b78..97d358407 100644
--- a/cmd/geth/main.go
+++ b/cmd/geth/main.go
@@ -231,6 +231,7 @@ JavaScript API. See https://github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/wiki/Javascipt-Conso
 		utils.MinerThreadsFlag,
 		utils.MiningEnabledFlag,
 		utils.NATFlag,
+		utils.NatspecEnabledFlag,
 		utils.NodeKeyFileFlag,
 		utils.NodeKeyHexFlag,
 		utils.RPCEnabledFlag,
diff --git a/cmd/utils/flags.go b/cmd/utils/flags.go
index a1d9eedda..f70f4243e 100644
--- a/cmd/utils/flags.go
+++ b/cmd/utils/flags.go
@@ -93,6 +93,10 @@ var (
 		Name:  "identity",
 		Usage: "node name",
 	}
+	NatspecEnabledFlag = cli.BoolFlag{
+		Name:  "natspec",
+		Usage: "Enable NatSpec confirmation notice",
+	}
 
 	// miner settings
 	MinerThreadsFlag = cli.IntFlag{
@@ -268,6 +272,7 @@ func MakeEthConfig(clientID, version string, ctx *cli.Context) *eth.Config {
 		MaxPeers:           ctx.GlobalInt(MaxPeersFlag.Name),
 		Port:               ctx.GlobalString(ListenPortFlag.Name),
 		NAT:                GetNAT(ctx),
+		NatSpec:            ctx.GlobalBool(NatspecEnabledFlag.Name),
 		NodeKey:            GetNodeKey(ctx),
 		Shh:                true,
 		Dial:               true,
diff --git a/common/bytes.go b/common/bytes.go
index 5bdacd810..5d1245107 100644
--- a/common/bytes.go
+++ b/common/bytes.go
@@ -147,6 +147,23 @@ func Hex2Bytes(str string) []byte {
 	return h
 }
 
+func Hex2BytesFixed(str string, flen int) []byte {
+
+	h, _ := hex.DecodeString(str)
+	if len(h) == flen {
+		return h
+	} else {
+		if len(h) > flen {
+			return h[len(h)-flen : len(h)]
+		} else {
+			hh := make([]byte, flen)
+			copy(hh[flen-len(h):flen], h[:])
+			return hh
+		}
+	}
+
+}
+
 func StringToByteFunc(str string, cb func(str string) []byte) (ret []byte) {
 	if len(str) > 1 && str[0:2] == "0x" && !strings.Contains(str, "\n") {
 		ret = Hex2Bytes(str[2:])
diff --git a/common/docserver/docserver.go b/common/docserver/docserver.go
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..5e076aa7e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/common/docserver/docserver.go
@@ -0,0 +1,82 @@
+package docserver
+
+import (
+	"fmt"
+	"io/ioutil"
+	"net/http"
+
+	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/common"
+	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/crypto"
+)
+
+// http://golang.org/pkg/net/http/#RoundTripper
+var (
+	schemes = map[string]func(*DocServer) http.RoundTripper{
+		// Simple File server from local disk file:///etc/passwd :)
+		"file": fileServerOnDocRoot,
+	}
+)
+
+func fileServerOnDocRoot(ds *DocServer) http.RoundTripper {
+	return http.NewFileTransport(http.Dir(ds.DocRoot))
+}
+
+type DocServer struct {
+	*http.Transport
+	DocRoot string
+}
+
+func New(docRoot string) (self *DocServer, err error) {
+	self = &DocServer{
+		Transport: &http.Transport{},
+		DocRoot:   docRoot,
+	}
+	err = self.RegisterProtocols(schemes)
+	return
+}
+
+// Clients should be reused instead of created as needed. Clients are safe for concurrent use by multiple goroutines.
+
+// A Client is higher-level than a RoundTripper (such as Transport) and additionally handles HTTP details such as cookies and redirects.
+
+func (self *DocServer) Client() *http.Client {
+	return &http.Client{
+		Transport: self,
+	}
+}
+
+func (self *DocServer) RegisterProtocols(schemes map[string]func(*DocServer) http.RoundTripper) (err error) {
+	for scheme, rtf := range schemes {
+		self.RegisterProtocol(scheme, rtf(self))
+	}
+	return
+}
+
+func (self *DocServer) GetAuthContent(uri string, hash common.Hash) (content []byte, err error) {
+	// retrieve content
+	resp, err := self.Client().Get(uri)
+	defer func() {
+		if resp != nil {
+			resp.Body.Close()
+		}
+	}()
+	if err != nil {
+		return
+	}
+	content, err = ioutil.ReadAll(resp.Body)
+	if err != nil {
+		return
+	}
+
+	// check hash to authenticate content
+	hashbytes := crypto.Sha3(content)
+	var chash common.Hash
+	copy(chash[:], hashbytes)
+	if chash != hash {
+		content = nil
+		err = fmt.Errorf("content hash mismatch")
+	}
+
+	return
+
+}
diff --git a/common/docserver/docserver_test.go b/common/docserver/docserver_test.go
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..400d7447a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/common/docserver/docserver_test.go
@@ -0,0 +1,38 @@
+package docserver
+
+import (
+	"io/ioutil"
+	"os"
+	"testing"
+
+	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/common"
+	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/crypto"
+)
+
+func TestGetAuthContent(t *testing.T) {
+	text := "test"
+	hash := common.Hash{}
+	copy(hash[:], crypto.Sha3([]byte(text)))
+	ioutil.WriteFile("/tmp/test.content", []byte(text), os.ModePerm)
+
+	ds, err := New("/tmp/")
+	content, err := ds.GetAuthContent("file:///test.content", hash)
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Errorf("no error expected, got %v", err)
+	}
+	if string(content) != text {
+		t.Errorf("incorrect content. expected %v, got %v", text, string(content))
+	}
+
+	hash = common.Hash{}
+	content, err = ds.GetAuthContent("file:///test.content", hash)
+	expected := "content hash mismatch"
+	if err == nil {
+		t.Errorf("expected error, got nothing")
+	} else {
+		if err.Error() != expected {
+			t.Errorf("expected error '%s' got '%v'", expected, err)
+		}
+	}
+
+}
diff --git a/common/natspec/natspec.go b/common/natspec/natspec.go
index 8e6568cef..38e7c1a9d 100644
--- a/common/natspec/natspec.go
+++ b/common/natspec/natspec.go
@@ -1,20 +1,137 @@
 package natspec
 
 import (
+	"bytes"
+	"encoding/json"
 	"fmt"
 	"github.com/robertkrimen/otto"
+	"strings"
+
+	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/common"
+	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/common/docserver"
+	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/common/resolver"
+	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/crypto"
+	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/xeth"
 )
 
+type abi2method map[[8]byte]*method
+
 type NatSpec struct {
-	jsvm *otto.Otto
+	jsvm                    *otto.Otto
+	userDocJson, abiDocJson []byte
+	userDoc                 userDoc
+	tx, data                string
+	// abiDoc abiDoc
+}
+
+func getFallbackNotice(comment, tx string) string {
+
+	return "About to submit transaction (" + comment + "): " + tx
+
 }
 
-// TODO: should initialise with abi and userdoc jsons
-func New() (self *NatSpec, err error) {
+func GetNotice(xeth *xeth.XEth, tx string, http *docserver.DocServer) (notice string) {
+
+	ns, err := New(xeth, tx, http)
+	if err != nil {
+		if ns == nil {
+			return getFallbackNotice("no NatSpec info found for contract", tx)
+		} else {
+			return getFallbackNotice("invalid NatSpec info", tx)
+		}
+	}
+
+	notice, err2 := ns.Notice()
+
+	if err2 != nil {
+		return getFallbackNotice("NatSpec notice error \""+err2.Error()+"\"", tx)
+	}
+
+	return
+
+}
+
+func New(xeth *xeth.XEth, tx string, http *docserver.DocServer) (self *NatSpec, err error) {
+
+	// extract contract address from tx
+
+	var obj map[string]json.RawMessage
+	err = json.Unmarshal([]byte(tx), &obj)
+	if err != nil {
+		return
+	}
+	var tmp []map[string]string
+	err = json.Unmarshal(obj["params"], &tmp)
+	if err != nil {
+		return
+	}
+	contractAddress := tmp[0]["to"]
 
-	self = new(NatSpec)
-	self.jsvm = otto.New()
+	// retrieve contract hash from state
+	if !xeth.IsContract(contractAddress) {
+		err = fmt.Errorf("NatSpec error: contract not found")
+		return
+	}
+	codehex := xeth.CodeAt(contractAddress)
+	codeHash := common.BytesToHash(crypto.Sha3(common.Hex2Bytes(codehex[2:])))
+	// parse out host/domain
 
+	// set up nameresolver with natspecreg + urlhint contract addresses
+	res := resolver.New(
+		xeth,
+		resolver.URLHintContractAddress,
+		resolver.HashRegContractAddress,
+	)
+
+	// resolve host via HashReg/UrlHint Resolver
+	uri, hash, err := res.KeyToUrl(codeHash)
+	if err != nil {
+		return
+	}
+
+	// get content via http client and authenticate content using hash
+	content, err := http.GetAuthContent(uri, hash)
+	if err != nil {
+		return
+	}
+
+	// get abi, userdoc
+	var obj2 map[string]json.RawMessage
+	err = json.Unmarshal(content, &obj2)
+	if err != nil {
+		return
+	}
+
+	abi := []byte(obj2["abi"])
+	userdoc := []byte(obj2["userdoc"])
+
+	self, err = NewWithDocs(abi, userdoc, tx)
+	return
+}
+
+func NewWithDocs(abiDocJson, userDocJson []byte, tx string) (self *NatSpec, err error) {
+
+	var obj map[string]json.RawMessage
+	err = json.Unmarshal([]byte(tx), &obj)
+	if err != nil {
+		return
+	}
+	var tmp []map[string]string
+	err = json.Unmarshal(obj["params"], &tmp)
+	if err != nil {
+		return
+	}
+	data := tmp[0]["data"]
+
+	self = &NatSpec{
+		jsvm:        otto.New(),
+		abiDocJson:  abiDocJson,
+		userDocJson: userDocJson,
+		tx:          tx,
+		data:        data,
+	}
+
+	// load and require natspec js (but it is meant to be protected environment)
 	_, err = self.jsvm.Run(natspecJS)
 	if err != nil {
 		return
@@ -24,20 +141,78 @@ func New() (self *NatSpec, err error) {
 		return
 	}
 
+	err = json.Unmarshal(userDocJson, &self.userDoc)
+	// err = parseAbiJson(abiDocJson, &self.abiDoc)
+
 	return
 }
 
-func (self *NatSpec) Notice(transaction, abi, method, expression string) (string, error) {
-	var err error
-	if _, err = self.jsvm.Run("var transaction = " + transaction + ";"); err != nil {
+// type abiDoc []method
+
+// type method struct {
+// 	Name   string  `json:name`
+// 	Inputs []input `json:inputs`
+// 	abiKey [8]byte
+// }
+
+// type input struct {
+// 	Name string `json:name`
+// 	Type string `json:type`
+// }
+
+// json skeleton for abi doc (contract method definitions)
+type method struct {
+	Notice string `json:notice`
+	name   string
+}
+
+type userDoc struct {
+	Methods map[string]*method `json:methods`
+}
+
+func (self *NatSpec) makeAbi2method(abiKey [8]byte) (meth *method) {
+	for signature, m := range self.userDoc.Methods {
+		name := strings.Split(signature, "(")[0]
+		hash := []byte(common.Bytes2Hex(crypto.Sha3([]byte(signature))))
+		var key [8]byte
+		copy(key[:], hash[:8])
+		if bytes.Equal(key[:], abiKey[:]) {
+			meth = m
+			meth.name = name
+			return
+		}
+	}
+	return
+}
+
+func (self *NatSpec) Notice() (notice string, err error) {
+	var abiKey [8]byte
+	if len(self.data) < 10 {
+		err = fmt.Errorf("Invalid transaction data")
+		return
+	}
+	copy(abiKey[:], self.data[2:10])
+	meth := self.makeAbi2method(abiKey)
+
+	if meth == nil {
+		err = fmt.Errorf("abi key does not match any method")
+		return
+	}
+	notice, err = self.noticeForMethod(self.tx, meth.name, meth.Notice)
+	return
+}
+
+func (self *NatSpec) noticeForMethod(tx string, name, expression string) (notice string, err error) {
+
+	if _, err = self.jsvm.Run("var transaction = " + tx + ";"); err != nil {
 		return "", fmt.Errorf("natspec.js error setting transaction: %v", err)
 	}
 
-	if _, err = self.jsvm.Run("var abi = " + abi + ";"); err != nil {
+	if _, err = self.jsvm.Run("var abi = " + string(self.abiDocJson) + ";"); err != nil {
 		return "", fmt.Errorf("natspec.js error setting abi: %v", err)
 	}
 
-	if _, err = self.jsvm.Run("var method = '" + method + "';"); err != nil {
+	if _, err = self.jsvm.Run("var method = '" + name + "';"); err != nil {
 		return "", fmt.Errorf("natspec.js error setting method: %v", err)
 	}
 
diff --git a/common/natspec/natspec_e2e_test.go b/common/natspec/natspec_e2e_test.go
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..147abe162
--- /dev/null
+++ b/common/natspec/natspec_e2e_test.go
@@ -0,0 +1,340 @@
+package natspec
+
+import (
+	"io/ioutil"
+	"math/big"
+	"os"
+	"testing"
+
+	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/accounts"
+	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/common"
+	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/common/docserver"
+	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/common/resolver"
+	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/core"
+	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/core/state"
+	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/crypto"
+	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/eth"
+	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/rpc"
+	xe "github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/xeth"
+)
+
+type testFrontend struct {
+	t           *testing.T
+	ethereum    *eth.Ethereum
+	xeth        *xe.XEth
+	api         *rpc.EthereumApi
+	coinbase    string
+	stateDb     *state.StateDB
+	txc         uint64
+	lastConfirm string
+	makeNatSpec bool
+}
+
+const (
+	testAccount = "e273f01c99144c438695e10f24926dc1f9fbf62d"
+	testBalance = "1000000000000"
+)
+
+const testFileName = "long_file_name_for_testing_registration_of_URLs_longer_than_32_bytes.content"
+
+const testNotice = "Register key `utils.toHex(_key)` <- content `utils.toHex(_content)`"
+const testExpNotice = "Register key 0xadd1a7d961cff0242089674ec2ef6fca671ab15e1fe80e38859fc815b98d88ab <- content 0xc00d5bcc872e17813df6ec5c646bb281a6e2d3b454c2c400c78192adf3344af9"
+const testExpNotice2 = `About to submit transaction (NatSpec notice error "abi key does not match any method"): {"id":6,"jsonrpc":"2.0","method":"eth_transact","params":[{"from":"0xe273f01c99144c438695e10f24926dc1f9fbf62d","to":"0xb737b91f8e95cf756766fc7c62c9a8ff58470381","value":"100000000000","gas":"100000","gasPrice":"100000","data":"0x31e12c20"}]}`
+const testExpNotice3 = `About to submit transaction (no NatSpec info found for contract): {"id":6,"jsonrpc":"2.0","method":"eth_transact","params":[{"from":"0xe273f01c99144c438695e10f24926dc1f9fbf62d","to":"0x8b839ad85686967a4f418eccc81962eaee314ac3","value":"100000000000","gas":"100000","gasPrice":"100000","data":"0x300a3bbfc00d5bcc872e17813df6ec5c646bb281a6e2d3b454c2c400c78192adf3344af900000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000010000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000"}]}`
+
+const testUserDoc = `
+{
+  "source": "...",
+  "language": "Solidity",
+  "languageVersion": 1,
+  "methods": {
+    "register(uint256,uint256)": {
+      "notice":  "` + testNotice + `"
+    }
+  },
+  "invariants": [
+    { "notice": "" }
+  ],
+  "construction": [
+    { "notice": "" }
+  ]
+}
+`
+
+const testABI = `
+[{
+  "name": "register",
+  "constant": false,
+  "type": "function",
+  "inputs": [{
+    "name": "_key",
+    "type": "uint256"
+  }, {
+    "name": "_content",
+    "type": "uint256"
+  }],
+  "outputs": []
+}]
+`
+
+const testDocs = `
+{
+	"userdoc": ` + testUserDoc + `,
+	"abi": ` + testABI + `
+}
+`
+
+func (f *testFrontend) UnlockAccount(acc []byte) bool {
+	f.t.Logf("Unlocking account %v\n", common.Bytes2Hex(acc))
+	f.ethereum.AccountManager().Unlock(acc, "password")
+	return true
+}
+
+func (f *testFrontend) ConfirmTransaction(tx string) bool {
+	//f.t.Logf("ConfirmTransaction called  tx = %v", tx)
+	if f.makeNatSpec {
+		ds, err := docserver.New("/tmp/")
+		if err != nil {
+			f.t.Errorf("Error creating DocServer: %v", err)
+		}
+		f.lastConfirm = GetNotice(f.xeth, tx, ds)
+	}
+	return true
+}
+
+var port = 30300
+
+func testEth(t *testing.T) (ethereum *eth.Ethereum, err error) {
+	os.RemoveAll("/tmp/eth-natspec/")
+	err = os.MkdirAll("/tmp/eth-natspec/keys/e273f01c99144c438695e10f24926dc1f9fbf62d/", os.ModePerm)
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Errorf("%v", err)
+		return
+	}
+	err = os.MkdirAll("/tmp/eth-natspec/data", os.ModePerm)
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Errorf("%v", err)
+		return
+	}
+	ks := crypto.NewKeyStorePlain("/tmp/eth-natspec/keys")
+	ioutil.WriteFile("/tmp/eth-natspec/keys/e273f01c99144c438695e10f24926dc1f9fbf62d/e273f01c99144c438695e10f24926dc1f9fbf62d",
+		[]byte(`{"Id":"RhRXD+fNRKS4jx+7ZfEsNA==","Address":"4nPwHJkUTEOGleEPJJJtwfn79i0=","PrivateKey":"h4ACVpe74uIvi5Cg/2tX/Yrm2xdr3J7QoMbMtNX2CNc="}`), os.ModePerm)
+
+	port++
+	ethereum, err = eth.New(&eth.Config{
+		DataDir:        "/tmp/eth-natspec",
+		AccountManager: accounts.NewManager(ks),
+		Name:           "test",
+	})
+
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Errorf("%v", err)
+		return
+	}
+
+	return
+}
+
+func testInit(t *testing.T) (self *testFrontend) {
+
+	core.GenesisData = []byte(`{
+	"` + testAccount + `": {"balance": "` + testBalance + `"}
+	}`)
+
+	ethereum, err := testEth(t)
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Errorf("error creating ethereum: %v", err)
+		return
+	}
+	err = ethereum.Start()
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Errorf("error starting ethereum: %v", err)
+		return
+	}
+
+	self = &testFrontend{t: t, ethereum: ethereum}
+	self.xeth = xe.New(ethereum, self)
+	self.api = rpc.NewEthereumApi(self.xeth)
+
+	addr := self.xeth.Coinbase()
+	self.coinbase = addr
+	if addr != "0x"+testAccount {
+		t.Errorf("CoinBase %v does not match TestAccount 0x%v", addr, testAccount)
+	}
+	t.Logf("CoinBase is %v", addr)
+
+	balance := self.xeth.BalanceAt(testAccount)
+	/*if balance != core.TestBalance {
+		t.Errorf("Balance %v does not match TestBalance %v", balance, core.TestBalance)
+	}*/
+	t.Logf("Balance is %v", balance)
+
+	self.stateDb = self.ethereum.ChainManager().State().Copy()
+
+	return
+
+}
+
+func (self *testFrontend) insertTx(addr, contract, fnsig string, args []string) {
+
+	//cb := common.HexToAddress(self.coinbase)
+	//coinbase := self.ethereum.ChainManager().State().GetStateObject(cb)
+
+	hash := common.Bytes2Hex(crypto.Sha3([]byte(fnsig)))
+	data := "0x" + hash[0:8]
+	for _, arg := range args {
+		data = data + common.Bytes2Hex(common.Hex2BytesFixed(arg, 32))
+	}
+	self.t.Logf("Tx data: %v", data)
+
+	jsontx := `
+[{
+	  "from": "` + addr + `",
+      "to": "` + contract + `",
+	  "value": "100000000000",
+	  "gas": "100000",
+	  "gasPrice": "100000",
+      "data": "` + data + `"
+}]
+`
+	req := &rpc.RpcRequest{
+		Jsonrpc: "2.0",
+		Method:  "eth_transact",
+		Params:  []byte(jsontx),
+		Id:      6,
+	}
+
+	var reply interface{}
+	err0 := self.api.GetRequestReply(req, &reply)
+	if err0 != nil {
+		self.t.Errorf("GetRequestReply error: %v", err0)
+	}
+
+	//self.xeth.Transact(addr, contract, "100000000000", "100000", "100000", data)
+
+}
+
+func (self *testFrontend) applyTxs() {
+
+	cb := common.HexToAddress(self.coinbase)
+	block := self.ethereum.ChainManager().NewBlock(cb)
+	coinbase := self.stateDb.GetStateObject(cb)
+	coinbase.SetGasPool(big.NewInt(10000000))
+	txs := self.ethereum.TxPool().GetTransactions()
+
+	for i := 0; i < len(txs); i++ {
+		for _, tx := range txs {
+			//self.t.Logf("%v %v %v", i, tx.Nonce(), self.txc)
+			if tx.Nonce() == self.txc {
+				_, gas, err := core.ApplyMessage(core.NewEnv(self.stateDb, self.ethereum.ChainManager(), tx, block), tx, coinbase)
+				//self.ethereum.TxPool().RemoveSet([]*types.Transaction{tx})
+				self.t.Logf("ApplyMessage: gas %v  err %v", gas, err)
+				self.txc++
+			}
+		}
+	}
+
+	//self.ethereum.TxPool().RemoveSet(txs)
+	self.xeth = self.xeth.WithState(self.stateDb)
+
+}
+
+func (self *testFrontend) registerURL(hash common.Hash, url string) {
+	hashHex := common.Bytes2Hex(hash[:])
+	urlBytes := []byte(url)
+	var bb bool = true
+	var cnt byte
+	for bb {
+		bb = len(urlBytes) > 0
+		urlb := urlBytes
+		if len(urlb) > 32 {
+			urlb = urlb[:32]
+		}
+		urlHex := common.Bytes2Hex(urlb)
+		self.insertTx(self.coinbase, resolver.URLHintContractAddress, "register(uint256,uint8,uint256)", []string{hashHex, common.Bytes2Hex([]byte{cnt}), urlHex})
+		if len(urlBytes) > 32 {
+			urlBytes = urlBytes[32:]
+		} else {
+			urlBytes = nil
+		}
+		cnt++
+	}
+}
+
+func (self *testFrontend) setOwner() {
+
+	self.insertTx(self.coinbase, resolver.HashRegContractAddress, "setowner()", []string{})
+
+	/*owner := self.xeth.StorageAt("0x"+resolver.HashRegContractAddress, "0x0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000")
+	self.t.Logf("owner = %v", owner)
+	if owner != self.coinbase {
+		self.t.Errorf("setowner() unsuccessful, owner != coinbase")
+	}*/
+}
+
+func (self *testFrontend) registerNatSpec(codehash, dochash common.Hash) {
+
+	codeHex := common.Bytes2Hex(codehash[:])
+	docHex := common.Bytes2Hex(dochash[:])
+	self.insertTx(self.coinbase, resolver.HashRegContractAddress, "register(uint256,uint256)", []string{codeHex, docHex})
+}
+
+func (self *testFrontend) testResolver() *resolver.Resolver {
+	return resolver.New(self.xeth, resolver.URLHintContractAddress, resolver.HashRegContractAddress)
+}
+
+func TestNatspecE2E(t *testing.T) {
+
+	tf := testInit(t)
+	defer tf.ethereum.Stop()
+
+	resolver.CreateContracts(tf.xeth, testAccount)
+	t.Logf("URLHint contract registered at %v", resolver.URLHintContractAddress)
+	t.Logf("HashReg contract registered at %v", resolver.HashRegContractAddress)
+	tf.applyTxs()
+
+	ioutil.WriteFile("/tmp/"+testFileName, []byte(testDocs), os.ModePerm)
+	dochash := common.BytesToHash(crypto.Sha3([]byte(testDocs)))
+
+	codehex := tf.xeth.CodeAt(resolver.HashRegContractAddress)
+	codehash := common.BytesToHash(crypto.Sha3(common.Hex2Bytes(codehex[2:])))
+
+	tf.setOwner()
+	tf.registerNatSpec(codehash, dochash)
+	tf.registerURL(dochash, "file:///"+testFileName)
+	tf.applyTxs()
+
+	chash, err := tf.testResolver().KeyToContentHash(codehash)
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Errorf("Can't find content hash")
+	}
+	t.Logf("chash = %x  err = %v", chash, err)
+	url, err2 := tf.testResolver().ContentHashToUrl(dochash)
+	if err2 != nil {
+		t.Errorf("Can't find URL hint")
+	}
+	t.Logf("url = %v  err = %v", url, err2)
+
+	// NatSpec info for register method of HashReg contract installed
+	// now using the same transactions to check confirm messages
+
+	tf.makeNatSpec = true
+	tf.registerNatSpec(codehash, dochash)
+	t.Logf("Confirm message: %v\n", tf.lastConfirm)
+	if tf.lastConfirm != testExpNotice {
+		t.Errorf("Wrong confirm message, expected '%v', got '%v'", testExpNotice, tf.lastConfirm)
+	}
+
+	tf.setOwner()
+	t.Logf("Confirm message for unknown method: %v\n", tf.lastConfirm)
+	if tf.lastConfirm != testExpNotice2 {
+		t.Errorf("Wrong confirm message, expected '%v', got '%v'", testExpNotice2, tf.lastConfirm)
+	}
+
+	tf.registerURL(dochash, "file:///test.content")
+	t.Logf("Confirm message for unknown contract: %v\n", tf.lastConfirm)
+	if tf.lastConfirm != testExpNotice3 {
+		t.Errorf("Wrong confirm message, expected '%v', got '%v'", testExpNotice3, tf.lastConfirm)
+	}
+
+}
diff --git a/common/natspec/natspec_js.go b/common/natspec/natspec_js.go
index 96d8204fb..571044bde 100644
--- a/common/natspec/natspec_js.go
+++ b/common/natspec/natspec_js.go
@@ -1,4 +1,4044 @@
 package natspec
 
-const natspecJS = `require=function t(e,n,r){function i(f,u){if(!n[f]){if(!e[f]){var s="function"==typeof require&&require;if(!u&&s)return s(f,!0);if(o)return o(f,!0);var c=new Error("Cannot find module '"+f+"'");throw c.code="MODULE_NOT_FOUND",c}var a=n[f]={exports:{}};e[f][0].call(a.exports,function(t){var n=e[f][1][t];return i(n?n:t)},a,a.exports,t,e,n,r)}return n[f].exports}for(var o="function"==typeof require&&require,f=0;f<r.length;f++)i(r[f]);return i}({1:[function(){},{}],2:[function(t,e){function n(){if(!f){f=!0;for(var t,e=o.length;e;){t=o,o=[];for(var n=-1;++n<e;)t[n]();e=o.length}f=!1}}function r(){}var i=e.exports={},o=[],f=!1;i.nextTick=function(t){o.push(t),f||setTimeout(n,0)},i.title="browser",i.browser=!0,i.env={},i.argv=[],i.version="",i.on=r,i.addListener=r,i.once=r,i.off=r,i.removeListener=r,i.removeAllListeners=r,i.emit=r,i.binding=function(){throw new Error("process.binding is not supported")},i.cwd=function(){return"/"},i.chdir=function(){throw new Error("process.chdir is not supported")},i.umask=function(){return 0}},{}],3:[function(t,e){var n=t("./utils"),r=t("./types"),i=t("./const"),o=t("./formatters"),f=function(t){console.error("parser does not support type: "+t)},u=function(t){return"[]"===t.slice(-2)},s=function(t,e){return u(t)||"string"===t?o.formatInputInt(e.length):""},c=r.inputTypes(),a=function(t,e){var n="",r="",i="";return t.forEach(function(t,r){n+=s(t.type,e[r])}),t.forEach(function(n,o){for(var s=!1,a=0;a<c.length&&!s;a++)s=c[a].type(t[o].type,e[o]);s||f(t[o].type);var l=c[a-1].format;u(t[o].type)?i+=e[o].reduce(function(t,e){return t+l(e)},""):"string"===t[o].type?i+=l(e[o]):r+=l(e[o])}),n+=r+i},l=function(t){return u(t)||"string"===t?2*i.ETH_PADDING:0},p=r.outputTypes(),h=function(t,e){e=e.slice(2);var n=[],s=2*i.ETH_PADDING,c=t.reduce(function(t,e){return t+l(e.type)},0),a=e.slice(0,c);return e=e.slice(c),t.forEach(function(i,c){for(var l=!1,h=0;h<p.length&&!l;h++)l=p[h].type(t[c].type);l||f(t[c].type);var g=p[h-1].format;if(u(t[c].type)){var m=o.formatOutputUInt(a.slice(0,s));a=a.slice(s);for(var d=[],v=0;m>v;v++)d.push(g(e.slice(0,s))),e=e.slice(s);n.push(d)}else r.prefixedType("string")(t[c].type)?(a=a.slice(s),n.push(g(e.slice(0,s))),e=e.slice(s)):(n.push(g(e.slice(0,s))),e=e.slice(s))}),n},g=function(t){var e={};return t.forEach(function(t){var r=n.extractDisplayName(t.name),i=n.extractTypeName(t.name),o=function(){var e=Array.prototype.slice.call(arguments);return a(t.inputs,e)};void 0===e[r]&&(e[r]=o),e[r][i]=o}),e},m=function(t){var e={};return t.forEach(function(t){var r=n.extractDisplayName(t.name),i=n.extractTypeName(t.name),o=function(e){return h(t.outputs,e)};void 0===e[r]&&(e[r]=o),e[r][i]=o}),e};e.exports={inputParser:g,outputParser:m,formatInput:a,formatOutput:h}},{"./const":4,"./formatters":5,"./types":6,"./utils":7}],4:[function(t,e){(function(n){if("build"!==n.env.NODE_ENV)var r=t("bignumber.js");var i=["wei","Kwei","Mwei","Gwei","szabo","finney","ether","grand","Mether","Gether","Tether","Pether","Eether","Zether","Yether","Nether","Dether","Vether","Uether"];e.exports={ETH_PADDING:32,ETH_SIGNATURE_LENGTH:4,ETH_UNITS:i,ETH_BIGNUMBER_ROUNDING_MODE:{ROUNDING_MODE:r.ROUND_DOWN},ETH_POLLING_TIMEOUT:1e3}}).call(this,t("_process"))},{_process:2,"bignumber.js":8}],5:[function(t,e){(function(n){if("build"!==n.env.NODE_ENV)var r=t("bignumber.js");var i=t("./utils"),o=t("./const"),f=function(t,e,n){return new Array(e-t.length+1).join(n?n:"0")+t},u=function(t){var e=2*o.ETH_PADDING;return t instanceof r||"number"==typeof t?("number"==typeof t&&(t=new r(t)),r.config(o.ETH_BIGNUMBER_ROUNDING_MODE),t=t.round(),t.lessThan(0)&&(t=new r("ffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffff",16).plus(t).plus(1)),t=t.toString(16)):t=0===t.indexOf("0x")?t.substr(2):"string"==typeof t?u(new r(t)):(+t).toString(16),f(t,e)},s=function(t){return i.fromAscii(t,o.ETH_PADDING).substr(2)},c=function(t){return"000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000"+(t?"1":"0")},a=function(t){return u(new r(t).times(new r(2).pow(128)))},l=function(t){return"1"===new r(t.substr(0,1),16).toString(2).substr(0,1)},p=function(t){return t=t||"0",l(t)?new r(t,16).minus(new r("ffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffff",16)).minus(1):new r(t,16)},h=function(t){return t=t||"0",new r(t,16)},g=function(t){return p(t).dividedBy(new r(2).pow(128))},m=function(t){return h(t).dividedBy(new r(2).pow(128))},d=function(t){return"0x"+t},v=function(t){return"0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000001"===t?!0:!1},w=function(t){return i.toAscii(t)},y=function(t){return"0x"+t.slice(t.length-40,t.length)};e.exports={formatInputInt:u,formatInputString:s,formatInputBool:c,formatInputReal:a,formatOutputInt:p,formatOutputUInt:h,formatOutputReal:g,formatOutputUReal:m,formatOutputHash:d,formatOutputBool:v,formatOutputString:w,formatOutputAddress:y}}).call(this,t("_process"))},{"./const":4,"./utils":7,_process:2,"bignumber.js":8}],6:[function(t,e){var n=t("./formatters"),r=function(t){return function(e){return 0===e.indexOf(t)}},i=function(t){return function(e){return t===e}},o=function(){return[{type:r("uint"),format:n.formatInputInt},{type:r("int"),format:n.formatInputInt},{type:r("hash"),format:n.formatInputInt},{type:r("string"),format:n.formatInputString},{type:r("real"),format:n.formatInputReal},{type:r("ureal"),format:n.formatInputReal},{type:i("address"),format:n.formatInputInt},{type:i("bool"),format:n.formatInputBool}]},f=function(){return[{type:r("uint"),format:n.formatOutputUInt},{type:r("int"),format:n.formatOutputInt},{type:r("hash"),format:n.formatOutputHash},{type:r("string"),format:n.formatOutputString},{type:r("real"),format:n.formatOutputReal},{type:r("ureal"),format:n.formatOutputUReal},{type:i("address"),format:n.formatOutputAddress},{type:i("bool"),format:n.formatOutputBool}]};e.exports={prefixedType:r,namedType:i,inputTypes:o,outputTypes:f}},{"./formatters":5}],7:[function(t,e){var n=t("./const"),r=function(t,e){for(var n=!1,r=0;r<t.length&&!n;r++)n=e(t[r]);return n?r-1:-1},i=function(t){var e="",n=0,r=t.length;for("0x"===t.substring(0,2)&&(n=2);r>n;n+=2){var i=parseInt(t.substr(n,2),16);if(0===i)break;e+=String.fromCharCode(i)}return e},o=function(t){for(var e="",n=0;n<t.length;n++){var r=t.charCodeAt(n).toString(16);e+=r.length<2?"0"+r:r}return e},f=function(t,e){e=void 0===e?0:e;for(var n=o(t);n.length<2*e;)n+="00";return"0x"+n},u=function(t){var e=t.indexOf("(");return-1!==e?t.substr(0,e):t},s=function(t){var e=t.indexOf("(");return-1!==e?t.substr(e+1,t.length-1-(e+1)).replace(" ",""):""},c=function(t){return t.filter(function(t){return"function"===t.type})},a=function(t){return t.filter(function(t){return"event"===t.type})},l=function(t){for(var e="string"==typeof t?0===t.indexOf("0x")?parseInt(t.substr(2),16):parseInt(t):t,r=0,i=n.ETH_UNITS;e>3e3&&r<i.length-1;)e/=1e3,r++;for(var o=e.toString().length<e.toFixed(2).length?e.toString():e.toFixed(2),f=function(t,e,n){return e+","+n};;){var u=o;if(o=o.replace(/(\d)(\d\d\d[\.\,])/,f),u===o)break}return o+" "+i[r]};e.exports={findIndex:r,toAscii:i,fromAscii:f,extractDisplayName:u,extractTypeName:s,filterFunctions:c,filterEvents:a,toEth:l}},{"./const":4}],8:[function(t,e){!function(n){"use strict";function r(t){function e(t,r){var i,o,f,u,s,c,a=this;if(!(a instanceof e))return $&&U(26,"constructor call without new",t),new e(t,r);if(null!=r&&z(r,2,64,L,"base")){if(r=0|r,c=t+"",10==r)return a=new e(t instanceof e?t:c),F(a,B+a.e+1,H);if((u="number"==typeof t)&&0*t!=0||!new RegExp("^-?"+(i="["+N.slice(0,r)+"]+")+"(?:\\."+i+")?$",37>r?"i":"").test(c))return m(a,c,u,r);u?(a.s=0>1/t?(c=c.slice(1),-1):1,$&&c.replace(/^0\.0*|\./,"").length>15&&U(L,O,t),u=!1):a.s=45===c.charCodeAt(0)?(c=c.slice(1),-1):1,c=n(c,10,r,a.s)}else{if(t instanceof e)return a.s=t.s,a.e=t.e,a.c=(t=t.c)?t.slice():t,void(L=0);if((u="number"==typeof t)&&0*t==0){if(a.s=0>1/t?(t=-t,-1):1,t===~~t){for(o=0,f=t;f>=10;f/=10,o++);return a.e=o,a.c=[t],void(L=0)}c=t+""}else{if(!d.test(c=t+""))return 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a(t,e){return(t.length>1?t.charAt(0)+"."+t.slice(1):t)+(0>e?"e":"e+")+e}function l(t,e){var n,r;if(0>e){for(r="0.";++e;r+="0");t=r+t}else if(n=t.length,++e>n){for(r="0",e-=n;--e;r+="0");t+=r}else n>e&&(t=t.slice(0,e)+"."+t.slice(e));return t}function p(t){return t=parseFloat(t),0>t?v(t):w(t)}var h,g,m,d=/^-?(\d+(\.\d*)?|\.\d+)(e[+-]?\d+)?$/i,v=Math.ceil,w=Math.floor,y=" not a boolean or binary digit",b="rounding mode",O="number type has more than 15 significant digits",N="0123456789abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyzABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ$_",E=1e14,I=14,x=9007199254740991,_=[1,10,100,1e3,1e4,1e5,1e6,1e7,1e8,1e9,1e10,1e11,1e12,1e13],T=1e7,D=1e9;if(h=r(),"function"==typeof define&&define.amd)define(function(){return h});else if("undefined"!=typeof e&&e.exports){if(e.exports=h,!g)try{g=t("crypto")}catch(S){}}else n.BigNumber=h}(this)},{crypto:1}],natspec:[function(t,e){var n=t("./node_modules/ethereum.js/lib/abi.js"),r=function(){var t=function(t,e){Object.keys(t).forEach(function(n){e[n]=t[n]})},e=function(t){return Object.keys(t).reduce(function(t,e){return t+"var "+e+" = context['"+e+"'];\n"},"")},r=function(t,e){return t.filter(function(t){return t.name===e})[0]},i=function(t,e){var r=n.formatOutput(t.inputs,"0x"+e.params[0].data.slice(10));return t.inputs.reduce(function(t,e,n){return t[e.name]=r[n],t},{})},o=function(t,e){var n,r="",i=/\` + "`" + `(?:\\.|[^` + "`" + `\\])*\` + "`" + `/gim,o=0;try{for(;null!==(n=i.exec(t));){var f=i.lastIndex-n[0].length,u=n[0].slice(1,n[0].length-1);r+=t.slice(o,f);var s=e(u);r+=s,o=i.lastIndex}r+=t.slice(o)}catch(c){throw new Error("Natspec evaluation failed, wrong input params")}return r},f=function(n,f){var u={};if(f)try{var s=r(f.abi,f.method),c=i(s,f.transaction);t(c,u)}catch(a){throw new Error("Natspec evaluation failed, method does not exist")}var l=e(u),p=o(n,function(t){var e=new Function("context",l+"return "+t+";");return e(u).toString()});return p},u=function(t,e){try{return f(t,e)}catch(n){return n.message}};return{evaluateExpression:f,evaluateExpressionSafe:u}}();e.exports=r},{"./node_modules/ethereum.js/lib/abi.js":3}]},{},[]);
+`
+require=(function e(t,n,r){function s(o,u){if(!n[o]){if(!t[o]){var a=typeof require=="function"&&require;if(!u&&a)return a(o,!0);if(i)return i(o,!0);var f=new Error("Cannot find module '"+o+"'");throw f.code="MODULE_NOT_FOUND",f}var l=n[o]={exports:{}};t[o][0].call(l.exports,function(e){var n=t[o][1][e];return s(n?n:e)},l,l.exports,e,t,n,r)}return n[o].exports}var i=typeof require=="function"&&require;for(var o=0;o<r.length;o++)s(r[o]);return s})({1:[function(require,module,exports){
+
+},{}],2:[function(require,module,exports){
+/*
+    This file is part of ethereum.js.
+
+    ethereum.js is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+    it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+    the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+    (at your option) any later version.
+
+    ethereum.js is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+    but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+    MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the
+    GNU Lesser General Public License for more details.
+
+    You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+    along with ethereum.js.  If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+*/
+/** 
+ * @file abi.js
+ * @author Marek Kotewicz <marek@ethdev.com>
+ * @author Gav Wood <g@ethdev.com>
+ * @date 2014
+ */
+
+var utils = require('../utils/utils');
+var c = require('../utils/config');
+var types = require('./types');
+var f = require('./formatters');
+var solUtils = require('./utils');
+
+/**
+ * throw incorrect type error
+ *
+ * @method throwTypeError
+ * @param {String} type
+ * @throws incorrect type error
+ */
+var throwTypeError = function (type) {
+    throw new Error('parser does not support type: ' + type);
+};
+
+/** This method should be called if we want to check if givent type is an array type
+ *
+ * @method isArrayType
+ * @param {String} type name
+ * @returns {Boolean} true if it is, otherwise false
+ */
+var isArrayType = function (type) {
+    return type.slice(-2) === '[]';
+};
+
+/**
+ * This method should be called to return dynamic type length in hex
+ *
+ * @method dynamicTypeBytes
+ * @param {String} type
+ * @param {String|Array} dynamic type
+ * @return {String} length of dynamic type in hex or empty string if type is not dynamic
+ */
+var dynamicTypeBytes = function (type, value) {
+    // TODO: decide what to do with array of strings
+    if (isArrayType(type) || type === 'bytes')
+        return f.formatInputInt(value.length);
+    return "";
+};
+
+var inputTypes = types.inputTypes();
+
+/**
+ * Formats input params to bytes
+ *
+ * @method formatInput
+ * @param {Array} abi inputs of method
+ * @param {Array} params that will be formatted to bytes
+ * @returns bytes representation of input params
+ */
+var formatInput = function (inputs, params) {
+    var bytes = "";
+    var toAppendConstant = "";
+    var toAppendArrayContent = "";
+
+    /// first we iterate in search for dynamic
+    inputs.forEach(function (input, index) {
+        bytes += dynamicTypeBytes(input.type, params[index]);
+    });
+
+    inputs.forEach(function (input, i) {
+        /*jshint maxcomplexity:5 */
+        var typeMatch = false;
+        for (var j = 0; j < inputTypes.length && !typeMatch; j++) {
+            typeMatch = inputTypes[j].type(inputs[i].type, params[i]);
+        }
+        if (!typeMatch) {
+            throwTypeError(inputs[i].type);
+        }
+
+        var formatter = inputTypes[j - 1].format;
+
+        if (isArrayType(inputs[i].type))
+            toAppendArrayContent += params[i].reduce(function (acc, curr) {
+                return acc + formatter(curr);
+            }, "");
+        else if (inputs[i].type === 'bytes')
+            toAppendArrayContent += formatter(params[i]);
+        else
+            toAppendConstant += formatter(params[i]);
+    });
+
+    bytes += toAppendConstant + toAppendArrayContent;
+
+    return bytes;
+};
+
+/**
+ * This method should be called to predict the length of dynamic type
+ *
+ * @method dynamicBytesLength
+ * @param {String} type
+ * @returns {Number} length of dynamic type, 0 or multiplication of ETH_PADDING (32)
+ */
+var dynamicBytesLength = function (type) {
+    if (isArrayType(type) || type === 'bytes')
+        return c.ETH_PADDING * 2;
+    return 0;
+};
+
+var outputTypes = types.outputTypes();
+
+/** 
+ * Formats output bytes back to param list
+ *
+ * @method formatOutput
+ * @param {Array} abi outputs of method
+ * @param {String} bytes represention of output
+ * @returns {Array} output params
+ */
+var formatOutput = function (outs, output) {
+
+    output = output.slice(2);
+    var result = [];
+    var padding = c.ETH_PADDING * 2;
+
+    var dynamicPartLength = outs.reduce(function (acc, curr) {
+        return acc + dynamicBytesLength(curr.type);
+    }, 0);
+
+    var dynamicPart = output.slice(0, dynamicPartLength);
+    output = output.slice(dynamicPartLength);
+
+    outs.forEach(function (out, i) {
+        /*jshint maxcomplexity:6 */
+        var typeMatch = false;
+        for (var j = 0; j < outputTypes.length && !typeMatch; j++) {
+            typeMatch = outputTypes[j].type(outs[i].type);
+        }
+
+        if (!typeMatch) {
+            throwTypeError(outs[i].type);
+        }
+
+        var formatter = outputTypes[j - 1].format;
+        if (isArrayType(outs[i].type)) {
+            var size = f.formatOutputUInt(dynamicPart.slice(0, padding));
+            dynamicPart = dynamicPart.slice(padding);
+            var array = [];
+            for (var k = 0; k < size; k++) {
+                array.push(formatter(output.slice(0, padding)));
+                output = output.slice(padding);
+            }
+            result.push(array);
+        }
+        else if (types.prefixedType('bytes')(outs[i].type)) {
+            dynamicPart = dynamicPart.slice(padding);
+            result.push(formatter(output.slice(0, padding)));
+            output = output.slice(padding);
+        } else {
+            result.push(formatter(output.slice(0, padding)));
+            output = output.slice(padding);
+        }
+    });
+
+    return result;
+};
+
+/**
+ * Should be called to create input parser for contract with given abi
+ *
+ * @method inputParser
+ * @param {Array} contract abi
+ * @returns {Object} input parser object for given json abi
+ * TODO: refactor creating the parser, do not double logic from contract
+ */
+var inputParser = function (json) {
+    var parser = {};
+    json.forEach(function (method) {
+        var displayName = utils.extractDisplayName(method.name);
+        var typeName = utils.extractTypeName(method.name);
+
+        var impl = function () {
+            var params = Array.prototype.slice.call(arguments);
+            return formatInput(method.inputs, params);
+        };
+
+        if (parser[displayName] === undefined) {
+            parser[displayName] = impl;
+        }
+
+        parser[displayName][typeName] = impl;
+    });
+
+    return parser;
+};
+
+/**
+ * Should be called to create output parser for contract with given abi
+ *
+ * @method outputParser
+ * @param {Array} contract abi
+ * @returns {Object} output parser for given json abi
+ */
+var outputParser = function (json) {
+    var parser = {};
+    json.forEach(function (method) {
+
+        var displayName = utils.extractDisplayName(method.name);
+        var typeName = utils.extractTypeName(method.name);
+
+        var impl = function (output) {
+            return formatOutput(method.outputs, output);
+        };
+
+        if (parser[displayName] === undefined) {
+            parser[displayName] = impl;
+        }
+
+        parser[displayName][typeName] = impl;
+    });
+
+    return parser;
+};
+
+var formatConstructorParams = function (abi, params) {
+    var constructor = solUtils.getConstructor(abi, params.length);
+    if (!constructor) {
+        if (params.length > 0) {
+            console.warn("didn't found matching constructor, using default one");
+        }
+        return '';
+    }
+    return formatInput(constructor.inputs, params);
+};
+
+module.exports = {
+    inputParser: inputParser,
+    outputParser: outputParser,
+    formatInput: formatInput,
+    formatOutput: formatOutput,
+    formatConstructorParams: formatConstructorParams
+};
+
+},{"../utils/config":6,"../utils/utils":7,"./formatters":3,"./types":4,"./utils":5}],3:[function(require,module,exports){
+/*
+    This file is part of ethereum.js.
+
+    ethereum.js is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+    it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+    the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+    (at your option) any later version.
+
+    ethereum.js is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+    but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+    MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the
+    GNU Lesser General Public License for more details.
+
+    You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+    along with ethereum.js.  If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+*/
+/** @file formatters.js
+ * @authors:
+ *   Marek Kotewicz <marek@ethdev.com>
+ * @date 2015
+ */
+
+var BigNumber = require('bignumber.js');
+var utils = require('../utils/utils');
+var c = require('../utils/config');
+
+/**
+ * Formats input value to byte representation of int
+ * If value is negative, return it's two's complement
+ * If the value is floating point, round it down
+ *
+ * @method formatInputInt
+ * @param {String|Number|BigNumber} value that needs to be formatted
+ * @returns {String} right-aligned byte representation of int
+ */
+var formatInputInt = function (value) {
+    var padding = c.ETH_PADDING * 2;
+    BigNumber.config(c.ETH_BIGNUMBER_ROUNDING_MODE);
+    return utils.padLeft(utils.toTwosComplement(value).round().toString(16), padding);
+};
+
+/**
+ * Formats input value to byte representation of string
+ *
+ * @method formatInputString
+ * @param {String}
+ * @returns {String} left-algined byte representation of string
+ */
+var formatInputString = function (value) {
+    return utils.fromAscii(value, c.ETH_PADDING).substr(2);
+};
+
+/**
+ * Formats input value to byte representation of bool
+ *
+ * @method formatInputBool
+ * @param {Boolean}
+ * @returns {String} right-aligned byte representation bool
+ */
+var formatInputBool = function (value) {
+    return '000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000' + (value ?  '1' : '0');
+};
+
+/**
+ * Formats input value to byte representation of real
+ * Values are multiplied by 2^m and encoded as integers
+ *
+ * @method formatInputReal
+ * @param {String|Number|BigNumber}
+ * @returns {String} byte representation of real
+ */
+var formatInputReal = function (value) {
+    return formatInputInt(new BigNumber(value).times(new BigNumber(2).pow(128))); 
+};
+
+/**
+ * Check if input value is negative
+ *
+ * @method signedIsNegative
+ * @param {String} value is hex format
+ * @returns {Boolean} true if it is negative, otherwise false
+ */
+var signedIsNegative = function (value) {
+    return (new BigNumber(value.substr(0, 1), 16).toString(2).substr(0, 1)) === '1';
+};
+
+/**
+ * Formats right-aligned output bytes to int
+ *
+ * @method formatOutputInt
+ * @param {String} bytes
+ * @returns {BigNumber} right-aligned output bytes formatted to big number
+ */
+var formatOutputInt = function (value) {
+
+    value = value || "0";
+
+    // check if it's negative number
+    // it it is, return two's complement
+    if (signedIsNegative(value)) {
+        return new BigNumber(value, 16).minus(new BigNumber('ffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffff', 16)).minus(1);
+    }
+    return new BigNumber(value, 16);
+};
+
+/**
+ * Formats right-aligned output bytes to uint
+ *
+ * @method formatOutputUInt
+ * @param {String} bytes
+ * @returns {BigNumeber} right-aligned output bytes formatted to uint
+ */
+var formatOutputUInt = function (value) {
+    value = value || "0";
+    return new BigNumber(value, 16);
+};
+
+/**
+ * Formats right-aligned output bytes to real
+ *
+ * @method formatOutputReal
+ * @param {String}
+ * @returns {BigNumber} input bytes formatted to real
+ */
+var formatOutputReal = function (value) {
+    return formatOutputInt(value).dividedBy(new BigNumber(2).pow(128)); 
+};
+
+/**
+ * Formats right-aligned output bytes to ureal
+ *
+ * @method formatOutputUReal
+ * @param {String}
+ * @returns {BigNumber} input bytes formatted to ureal
+ */
+var formatOutputUReal = function (value) {
+    return formatOutputUInt(value).dividedBy(new BigNumber(2).pow(128)); 
+};
+
+/**
+ * Should be used to format output hash
+ *
+ * @method formatOutputHash
+ * @param {String}
+ * @returns {String} right-aligned output bytes formatted to hex
+ */
+var formatOutputHash = function (value) {
+    return "0x" + value;
+};
+
+/**
+ * Should be used to format output bool
+ *
+ * @method formatOutputBool
+ * @param {String}
+ * @returns {Boolean} right-aligned input bytes formatted to bool
+ */
+var formatOutputBool = function (value) {
+    return value === '0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000001' ? true : false;
+};
+
+/**
+ * Should be used to format output string
+ *
+ * @method formatOutputString
+ * @param {Sttring} left-aligned hex representation of string
+ * @returns {String} ascii string
+ */
+var formatOutputString = function (value) {
+    return utils.toAscii(value);
+};
+
+/**
+ * Should be used to format output address
+ *
+ * @method formatOutputAddress
+ * @param {String} right-aligned input bytes
+ * @returns {String} address
+ */
+var formatOutputAddress = function (value) {
+    return "0x" + value.slice(value.length - 40, value.length);
+};
+
+module.exports = {
+    formatInputInt: formatInputInt,
+    formatInputString: formatInputString,
+    formatInputBool: formatInputBool,
+    formatInputReal: formatInputReal,
+    formatOutputInt: formatOutputInt,
+    formatOutputUInt: formatOutputUInt,
+    formatOutputReal: formatOutputReal,
+    formatOutputUReal: formatOutputUReal,
+    formatOutputHash: formatOutputHash,
+    formatOutputBool: formatOutputBool,
+    formatOutputString: formatOutputString,
+    formatOutputAddress: formatOutputAddress
+};
+
+
+},{"../utils/config":6,"../utils/utils":7,"bignumber.js":8}],4:[function(require,module,exports){
+/*
+    This file is part of ethereum.js.
+
+    ethereum.js is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+    it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+    the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+    (at your option) any later version.
+
+    ethereum.js is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+    but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+    MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the
+    GNU Lesser General Public License for more details.
+
+    You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+    along with ethereum.js.  If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+*/
+/** @file types.js
+ * @authors:
+ *   Marek Kotewicz <marek@ethdev.com>
+ * @date 2015
+ */
+
+var f = require('./formatters');
+
+/// @param expected type prefix (string)
+/// @returns function which checks if type has matching prefix. if yes, returns true, otherwise false
+var prefixedType = function (prefix) {
+    return function (type) {
+        return type.indexOf(prefix) === 0;
+    };
+};
+
+/// @param expected type name (string)
+/// @returns function which checks if type is matching expected one. if yes, returns true, otherwise false
+var namedType = function (name) {
+    return function (type) {
+        return name === type;
+    };
+};
+
+/// Setups input formatters for solidity types
+/// @returns an array of input formatters 
+var inputTypes = function () {
+    
+    return [
+        { type: prefixedType('uint'), format: f.formatInputInt },
+        { type: prefixedType('int'), format: f.formatInputInt },
+        { type: prefixedType('bytes'), format: f.formatInputString }, 
+        { type: prefixedType('real'), format: f.formatInputReal },
+        { type: prefixedType('ureal'), format: f.formatInputReal },
+        { type: namedType('address'), format: f.formatInputInt },
+        { type: namedType('bool'), format: f.formatInputBool }
+    ];
+};
+
+/// Setups output formaters for solidity types
+/// @returns an array of output formatters
+var outputTypes = function () {
+
+    return [
+        { type: prefixedType('uint'), format: f.formatOutputUInt },
+        { type: prefixedType('int'), format: f.formatOutputInt },
+        { type: prefixedType('bytes'), format: f.formatOutputString },
+        { type: prefixedType('real'), format: f.formatOutputReal },
+        { type: prefixedType('ureal'), format: f.formatOutputUReal },
+        { type: namedType('address'), format: f.formatOutputAddress },
+        { type: namedType('bool'), format: f.formatOutputBool }
+    ];
+};
+
+module.exports = {
+    prefixedType: prefixedType,
+    namedType: namedType,
+    inputTypes: inputTypes,
+    outputTypes: outputTypes
+};
+
+
+},{"./formatters":3}],5:[function(require,module,exports){
+/*
+    This file is part of ethereum.js.
+
+    ethereum.js is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+    it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+    the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+    (at your option) any later version.
+
+    ethereum.js is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+    but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+    MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the
+    GNU Lesser General Public License for more details.
+
+    You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+    along with ethereum.js.  If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+*/
+/**
+ * @file utils.js
+ * @author Marek Kotewicz <marek@ethdev.com>
+ * @date 2015
+ */
+
+/**
+ * Returns the contstructor with matching number of arguments
+ *
+ * @method getConstructor
+ * @param {Array} abi
+ * @param {Number} numberOfArgs
+ * @returns {Object} constructor function abi
+ */
+var getConstructor = function (abi, numberOfArgs) {
+    return abi.filter(function (f) {
+        return f.type === 'constructor' && f.inputs.length === numberOfArgs;
+    })[0];
+};
+
+/**
+ * Filters all functions from input abi
+ *
+ * @method filterFunctions
+ * @param {Array} abi
+ * @returns {Array} abi array with filtered objects of type 'function'
+ */
+var filterFunctions = function (json) {
+    return json.filter(function (current) {
+        return current.type === 'function'; 
+    }); 
+};
+
+/**
+ * Filters all events from input abi
+ *
+ * @method filterEvents
+ * @param {Array} abi
+ * @returns {Array} abi array with filtered objects of type 'event'
+ */
+var filterEvents = function (json) {
+    return json.filter(function (current) {
+        return current.type === 'event';
+    });
+};
+
+module.exports = {
+    getConstructor: getConstructor,
+    filterFunctions: filterFunctions,
+    filterEvents: filterEvents
+};
+
+
+},{}],6:[function(require,module,exports){
+/*
+    This file is part of ethereum.js.
+
+    ethereum.js is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+    it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+    the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+    (at your option) any later version.
+
+    ethereum.js is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+    but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+    MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the
+    GNU Lesser General Public License for more details.
+
+    You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+    along with ethereum.js.  If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+*/
+/** @file config.js
+ * @authors:
+ *   Marek Kotewicz <marek@ethdev.com>
+ * @date 2015
+ */
+
+/**
+ * Utils
+ * 
+ * @module utils
+ */
+
+/**
+ * Utility functions
+ * 
+ * @class [utils] config
+ * @constructor
+ */
+
+/// required to define ETH_BIGNUMBER_ROUNDING_MODE
+var BigNumber = require('bignumber.js');
+
+var ETH_UNITS = [ 
+    'wei', 
+    'Kwei', 
+    'Mwei', 
+    'Gwei', 
+    'szabo', 
+    'finney', 
+    'ether', 
+    'grand', 
+    'Mether', 
+    'Gether', 
+    'Tether', 
+    'Pether', 
+    'Eether', 
+    'Zether', 
+    'Yether', 
+    'Nether', 
+    'Dether', 
+    'Vether', 
+    'Uether' 
+];
+
+module.exports = {
+    ETH_PADDING: 32,
+    ETH_SIGNATURE_LENGTH: 4,
+    ETH_UNITS: ETH_UNITS,
+    ETH_BIGNUMBER_ROUNDING_MODE: { ROUNDING_MODE: BigNumber.ROUND_DOWN },
+    ETH_POLLING_TIMEOUT: 1000,
+    ETH_DEFAULTBLOCK: 'latest'
+};
+
+
+},{"bignumber.js":8}],7:[function(require,module,exports){
+/*
+    This file is part of ethereum.js.
+
+    ethereum.js is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+    it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+    the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+    (at your option) any later version.
+
+    ethereum.js is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+    but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+    MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the
+    GNU Lesser General Public License for more details.
+
+    You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+    along with ethereum.js.  If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+*/
+/** @file utils.js
+ * @authors:
+ *   Marek Kotewicz <marek@ethdev.com>
+ * @date 2015
+ */
+
+/**
+ * Utils
+ * 
+ * @module utils
+ */
+
+/**
+ * Utility functions
+ * 
+ * @class [utils] utils
+ * @constructor
+ */
+
+var BigNumber = require('bignumber.js');
+
+var unitMap = {
+    'wei':      '1',
+    'kwei':     '1000',
+    'ada':      '1000',
+    'mwei':     '1000000',
+    'babbage':  '1000000',
+    'gwei':     '1000000000',
+    'shannon':  '1000000000',
+    'szabo':    '1000000000000',
+    'finney':   '1000000000000000',
+    'ether':    '1000000000000000000',
+    'kether':   '1000000000000000000000',
+    'grand':    '1000000000000000000000',
+    'einstein': '1000000000000000000000',
+    'mether':   '1000000000000000000000000',
+    'gether':   '1000000000000000000000000000',
+    'tether':   '1000000000000000000000000000000'
+};
+
+/**
+ * Should be called to pad string to expected length
+ *
+ * @method padLeft
+ * @param {String} string to be padded
+ * @param {Number} characters that result string should have
+ * @param {String} sign, by default 0
+ * @returns {String} right aligned string
+ */
+var padLeft = function (string, chars, sign) {
+    return new Array(chars - string.length + 1).join(sign ? sign : "0") + string;
+};
+
+/** Finds first index of array element matching pattern
+ *
+ * @method findIndex
+ * @param {Array}
+ * @param {Function} pattern
+ * @returns {Number} index of element
+ */
+var findIndex = function (array, callback) {
+    var end = false;
+    var i = 0;
+    for (; i < array.length && !end; i++) {
+        end = callback(array[i]);
+    }
+    return end ? i - 1 : -1;
+};
+
+/** 
+ * Should be called to get sting from it's hex representation
+ *
+ * @method toAscii
+ * @param {String} string in hex
+ * @returns {String} ascii string representation of hex value
+ */
+var toAscii = function(hex) {
+// Find termination
+    var str = "";
+    var i = 0, l = hex.length;
+    if (hex.substring(0, 2) === '0x') {
+        i = 2;
+    }
+    for (; i < l; i+=2) {
+        var code = parseInt(hex.substr(i, 2), 16);
+        if (code === 0) {
+            break;
+        }
+
+        str += String.fromCharCode(code);
+    }
+
+    return str;
+};
+    
+/**
+ * Shold be called to get hex representation (prefixed by 0x) of ascii string 
+ *
+ * @method fromAscii
+ * @param {String} string
+ * @returns {String} hex representation of input string
+ */
+var toHexNative = function(str) {
+    var hex = "";
+    for(var i = 0; i < str.length; i++) {
+        var n = str.charCodeAt(i).toString(16);
+        hex += n.length < 2 ? '0' + n : n;
+    }
+
+    return hex;
+};
+
+/**
+ * Shold be called to get hex representation (prefixed by 0x) of ascii string 
+ *
+ * @method fromAscii
+ * @param {String} string
+ * @param {Number} optional padding
+ * @returns {String} hex representation of input string
+ */
+var fromAscii = function(str, pad) {
+    pad = pad === undefined ? 0 : pad;
+    var hex = toHexNative(str);
+    while (hex.length < pad*2)
+        hex += "00";
+    return "0x" + hex;
+};
+
+/**
+ * Should be called to get display name of contract function
+ * 
+ * @method extractDisplayName
+ * @param {String} name of function/event
+ * @returns {String} display name for function/event eg. multiply(uint256) -> multiply
+ */
+var extractDisplayName = function (name) {
+    var length = name.indexOf('('); 
+    return length !== -1 ? name.substr(0, length) : name;
+};
+
+/// @returns overloaded part of function/event name
+var extractTypeName = function (name) {
+    /// TODO: make it invulnerable
+    var length = name.indexOf('(');
+    return length !== -1 ? name.substr(length + 1, name.length - 1 - (length + 1)).replace(' ', '') : "";
+};
+
+/**
+ * Converts value to it's decimal representation in string
+ *
+ * @method toDecimal
+ * @param {String|Number|BigNumber}
+ * @return {String}
+ */
+var toDecimal = function (value) {
+    return toBigNumber(value).toNumber();
+};
+
+/**
+ * Converts value to it's hex representation
+ *
+ * @method fromDecimal
+ * @param {String|Number|BigNumber}
+ * @return {String}
+ */
+var fromDecimal = function (value) {
+    var number = toBigNumber(value);
+    var result = number.toString(16);
+
+    return number.lessThan(0) ? '-0x' + result.substr(1) : '0x' + result;
+};
+
+/**
+ * Auto converts any given value into it's hex representation.
+ *
+ * And even stringifys objects before.
+ *
+ * @method toHex
+ * @param {String|Number|BigNumber|Object}
+ * @return {String}
+ */
+var toHex = function (val) {
+    /*jshint maxcomplexity:7 */
+
+    if (isBoolean(val))
+        return fromDecimal(+val);
+
+    if (isBigNumber(val))
+        return fromDecimal(val);
+
+    if (isObject(val))
+        return fromAscii(JSON.stringify(val));
+
+    // if its a negative number, pass it through fromDecimal
+    if (isString(val)) {
+        if (val.indexOf('-0x') === 0)
+           return fromDecimal(val);
+        else if (!isFinite(val))
+            return fromAscii(val);
+    }
+
+    return fromDecimal(val);
+};
+
+/**
+ * Returns value of unit in Wei
+ *
+ * @method getValueOfUnit
+ * @param {String} unit the unit to convert to, default ether
+ * @returns {BigNumber} value of the unit (in Wei)
+ * @throws error if the unit is not correct:w
+ */
+var getValueOfUnit = function (unit) {
+    unit = unit ? unit.toLowerCase() : 'ether';
+    var unitValue = unitMap[unit];
+    if (unitValue === undefined) {
+        throw new Error('This unit doesn\'t exists, please use the one of the following units' + JSON.stringify(unitMap, null, 2));
+    }
+    return new BigNumber(unitValue, 10);
+};
+
+/**
+ * Takes a number of wei and converts it to any other ether unit.
+ *
+ * Possible units are:
+ * - kwei/ada
+ * - mwei/babbage
+ * - gwei/shannon
+ * - szabo
+ * - finney
+ * - ether
+ * - kether/grand/einstein
+ * - mether
+ * - gether
+ * - tether
+ *
+ * @method fromWei
+ * @param {Number|String} number can be a number, number string or a HEX of a decimal
+ * @param {String} unit the unit to convert to, default ether
+ * @return {String|Object} When given a BigNumber object it returns one as well, otherwise a number
+*/
+var fromWei = function(number, unit) {
+    var returnValue = toBigNumber(number).dividedBy(getValueOfUnit(unit));
+
+    return isBigNumber(number) ? returnValue : returnValue.toString(10); 
+};
+
+/**
+ * Takes a number of a unit and converts it to wei.
+ *
+ * Possible units are:
+ * - kwei/ada
+ * - mwei/babbage
+ * - gwei/shannon
+ * - szabo
+ * - finney
+ * - ether
+ * - kether/grand/einstein
+ * - mether
+ * - gether
+ * - tether
+ *
+ * @method toWei
+ * @param {Number|String|BigNumber} number can be a number, number string or a HEX of a decimal
+ * @param {String} unit the unit to convert from, default ether
+ * @return {String|Object} When given a BigNumber object it returns one as well, otherwise a number
+*/
+var toWei = function(number, unit) {
+    var returnValue = toBigNumber(number).times(getValueOfUnit(unit));
+
+    return isBigNumber(number) ? returnValue : returnValue.toString(10); 
+};
+
+/**
+ * Takes an input and transforms it into an bignumber
+ *
+ * @method toBigNumber
+ * @param {Number|String|BigNumber} a number, string, HEX string or BigNumber
+ * @return {BigNumber} BigNumber
+*/
+var toBigNumber = function(number) {
+    /*jshint maxcomplexity:5 */
+    number = number || 0;
+    if (isBigNumber(number))
+        return number;
+
+    if (isString(number) && (number.indexOf('0x') === 0 || number.indexOf('-0x') === 0)) {
+        return new BigNumber(number.replace('0x',''), 16);
+    }
+   
+    return new BigNumber(number.toString(10), 10);
+};
+
+/**
+ * Takes and input transforms it into bignumber and if it is negative value, into two's complement
+ *
+ * @method toTwosComplement
+ * @param {Number|String|BigNumber}
+ * @return {BigNumber}
+ */
+var toTwosComplement = function (number) {
+    var bigNumber = toBigNumber(number);
+    if (bigNumber.lessThan(0)) {
+        return new BigNumber("ffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffff", 16).plus(bigNumber).plus(1);
+    }
+    return bigNumber;
+};
+
+/**
+ * Checks if the given string is strictly an address
+ *
+ * @method isStrictAddress
+ * @param {String} address the given HEX adress
+ * @return {Boolean}
+*/
+var isStrictAddress = function (address) {
+    return /^0x[0-9a-f]{40}$/.test(address);
+};
+
+/**
+ * Checks if the given string is an address
+ *
+ * @method isAddress
+ * @param {String} address the given HEX adress
+ * @return {Boolean}
+*/
+var isAddress = function (address) {
+    return /^(0x)?[0-9a-f]{40}$/.test(address);
+};
+
+/**
+ * Transforms given string to valid 20 bytes-length addres with 0x prefix
+ *
+ * @method toAddress
+ * @param {String} address
+ * @return {String} formatted address
+ */
+var toAddress = function (address) {
+    if (isStrictAddress(address)) {
+        return address;
+    }
+    
+    if (/^[0-9a-f]{40}$/.test(address)) {
+        return '0x' + address;
+    }
+
+    return '0x' + padLeft(toHex(address).substr(2), 40);
+};
+
+/**
+ * Returns true if object is BigNumber, otherwise false
+ *
+ * @method isBigNumber
+ * @param {Object}
+ * @return {Boolean} 
+ */
+var isBigNumber = function (object) {
+    return object instanceof BigNumber ||
+        (object && object.constructor && object.constructor.name === 'BigNumber');
+};
+
+/**
+ * Returns true if object is string, otherwise false
+ * 
+ * @method isString
+ * @param {Object}
+ * @return {Boolean}
+ */
+var isString = function (object) {
+    return typeof object === 'string' ||
+        (object && object.constructor && object.constructor.name === 'String');
+};
+
+/**
+ * Returns true if object is function, otherwise false
+ *
+ * @method isFunction
+ * @param {Object}
+ * @return {Boolean}
+ */
+var isFunction = function (object) {
+    return typeof object === 'function';
+};
+
+/**
+ * Returns true if object is Objet, otherwise false
+ *
+ * @method isObject
+ * @param {Object}
+ * @return {Boolean}
+ */
+var isObject = function (object) {
+    return typeof object === 'object';
+};
+
+/**
+ * Returns true if object is boolean, otherwise false
+ *
+ * @method isBoolean
+ * @param {Object}
+ * @return {Boolean}
+ */
+var isBoolean = function (object) {
+    return typeof object === 'boolean';
+};
+
+/**
+ * Returns true if object is array, otherwise false
+ *
+ * @method isArray
+ * @param {Object}
+ * @return {Boolean}
+ */
+var isArray = function (object) {
+    return object instanceof Array; 
+};
+
+/**
+ * Returns true if given string is valid json object
+ * 
+ * @method isJson
+ * @param {String}
+ * @return {Boolean}
+ */
+var isJson = function (str) {
+    try {
+        return !!JSON.parse(str);
+    } catch (e) {
+        return false;
+    }
+};
+
+module.exports = {
+    padLeft: padLeft,
+    findIndex: findIndex,
+    toHex: toHex,
+    toDecimal: toDecimal,
+    fromDecimal: fromDecimal,
+    toAscii: toAscii,
+    fromAscii: fromAscii,
+    extractDisplayName: extractDisplayName,
+    extractTypeName: extractTypeName,
+    toWei: toWei,
+    fromWei: fromWei,
+    toBigNumber: toBigNumber,
+    toTwosComplement: toTwosComplement,
+    toAddress: toAddress,
+    isBigNumber: isBigNumber,
+    isStrictAddress: isStrictAddress,
+    isAddress: isAddress,
+    isFunction: isFunction,
+    isString: isString,
+    isObject: isObject,
+    isBoolean: isBoolean,
+    isArray: isArray,
+    isJson: isJson
+};
+
+
+},{"bignumber.js":8}],8:[function(require,module,exports){
+/*! bignumber.js v2.0.7 https://github.com/MikeMcl/bignumber.js/LICENCE */
+
+;(function (global) {
+    'use strict';
+
+    /*
+      bignumber.js v2.0.7
+      A JavaScript library for arbitrary-precision arithmetic.
+      https://github.com/MikeMcl/bignumber.js
+      Copyright (c) 2015 Michael Mclaughlin <M8ch88l@gmail.com>
+      MIT Expat Licence
+    */
+
+
+    var BigNumber, crypto, parseNumeric,
+        isNumeric = /^-?(\d+(\.\d*)?|\.\d+)(e[+-]?\d+)?$/i,
+        mathceil = Math.ceil,
+        mathfloor = Math.floor,
+        notBool = ' not a boolean or binary digit',
+        roundingMode = 'rounding mode',
+        tooManyDigits = 'number type has more than 15 significant digits',
+        ALPHABET = '0123456789abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyzABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ$_',
+        BASE = 1e14,
+        LOG_BASE = 14,
+        MAX_SAFE_INTEGER = 0x1fffffffffffff,         // 2^53 - 1
+        // MAX_INT32 = 0x7fffffff,                   // 2^31 - 1
+        POWS_TEN = [1, 10, 100, 1e3, 1e4, 1e5, 1e6, 1e7, 1e8, 1e9, 1e10, 1e11, 1e12, 1e13],
+        SQRT_BASE = 1e7,
+
+        /*
+         * The limit on the value of DECIMAL_PLACES, TO_EXP_NEG, TO_EXP_POS, MIN_EXP, MAX_EXP, and
+         * the arguments to toExponential, toFixed, toFormat, and toPrecision, beyond which an
+         * exception is thrown (if ERRORS is true).
+         */
+        MAX = 1E9;                                   // 0 to MAX_INT32
+
+
+    /*
+     * Create and return a BigNumber constructor.
+     */
+    function another(configObj) {
+        var div,
+
+            // id tracks the caller function, so its name can be included in error messages.
+            id = 0,
+            P = BigNumber.prototype,
+            ONE = new BigNumber(1),
+
+
+            /********************************* EDITABLE DEFAULTS **********************************/
+
+
+            /*
+             * The default values below must be integers within the inclusive ranges stated.
+             * The values can also be changed at run-time using BigNumber.config.
+             */
+
+            // The maximum number of decimal places for operations involving division.
+            DECIMAL_PLACES = 20,                     // 0 to MAX
+
+            /*
+             * The rounding mode used when rounding to the above decimal places, and when using
+             * toExponential, toFixed, toFormat and toPrecision, and round (default value).
+             * UP         0 Away from zero.
+             * DOWN       1 Towards zero.
+             * CEIL       2 Towards +Infinity.
+             * FLOOR      3 Towards -Infinity.
+             * HALF_UP    4 Towards nearest neighbour. If equidistant, up.
+             * HALF_DOWN  5 Towards nearest neighbour. If equidistant, down.
+             * HALF_EVEN  6 Towards nearest neighbour. If equidistant, towards even neighbour.
+             * HALF_CEIL  7 Towards nearest neighbour. If equidistant, towards +Infinity.
+             * HALF_FLOOR 8 Towards nearest neighbour. If equidistant, towards -Infinity.
+             */
+            ROUNDING_MODE = 4,                       // 0 to 8
+
+            // EXPONENTIAL_AT : [TO_EXP_NEG , TO_EXP_POS]
+
+            // The exponent value at and beneath which toString returns exponential notation.
+            // Number type: -7
+            TO_EXP_NEG = -7,                         // 0 to -MAX
+
+            // The exponent value at and above which toString returns exponential notation.
+            // Number type: 21
+            TO_EXP_POS = 21,                         // 0 to MAX
+
+            // RANGE : [MIN_EXP, MAX_EXP]
+
+            // The minimum exponent value, beneath which underflow to zero occurs.
+            // Number type: -324  (5e-324)
+            MIN_EXP = -1e7,                          // -1 to -MAX
+
+            // The maximum exponent value, above which overflow to Infinity occurs.
+            // Number type:  308  (1.7976931348623157e+308)
+            // For MAX_EXP > 1e7, e.g. new BigNumber('1e100000000').plus(1) may be slow.
+            MAX_EXP = 1e7,                           // 1 to MAX
+
+            // Whether BigNumber Errors are ever thrown.
+            ERRORS = true,                           // true or false
+
+            // Change to intValidatorNoErrors if ERRORS is false.
+            isValidInt = intValidatorWithErrors,     // intValidatorWithErrors/intValidatorNoErrors
+
+            // Whether to use cryptographically-secure random number generation, if available.
+            CRYPTO = false,                          // true or false
+
+            /*
+             * The modulo mode used when calculating the modulus: a mod n.
+             * The quotient (q = a / n) is calculated according to the corresponding rounding mode.
+             * The remainder (r) is calculated as: r = a - n * q.
+             *
+             * UP        0 The remainder is positive if the dividend is negative, else is negative.
+             * DOWN      1 The remainder has the same sign as the dividend.
+             *             This modulo mode is commonly known as 'truncated division' and is
+             *             equivalent to (a % n) in JavaScript.
+             * FLOOR     3 The remainder has the same sign as the divisor (Python %).
+             * HALF_EVEN 6 This modulo mode implements the IEEE 754 remainder function.
+             * EUCLID    9 Euclidian division. q = sign(n) * floor(a / abs(n)).
+             *             The remainder is always positive.
+             *
+             * The truncated division, floored division, Euclidian division and IEEE 754 remainder
+             * modes are commonly used for the modulus operation.
+             * Although the other rounding modes can also be used, they may not give useful results.
+             */
+            MODULO_MODE = 1,                         // 0 to 9
+
+            // The maximum number of significant digits of the result of the toPower operation.
+            // If POW_PRECISION is 0, there will be unlimited significant digits.
+            POW_PRECISION = 100,                     // 0 to MAX
+
+            // The format specification used by the BigNumber.prototype.toFormat method.
+            FORMAT = {
+                decimalSeparator: '.',
+                groupSeparator: ',',
+                groupSize: 3,
+                secondaryGroupSize: 0,
+                fractionGroupSeparator: '\xA0',      // non-breaking space
+                fractionGroupSize: 0
+            };
+
+
+        /******************************************************************************************/
+
+
+        // CONSTRUCTOR
+
+
+        /*
+         * The BigNumber constructor and exported function.
+         * Create and return a new instance of a BigNumber object.
+         *
+         * n {number|string|BigNumber} A numeric value.
+         * [b] {number} The base of n. Integer, 2 to 64 inclusive.
+         */
+        function BigNumber( n, b ) {
+            var c, e, i, num, len, str,
+                x = this;
+
+            // Enable constructor usage without new.
+            if ( !( x instanceof BigNumber ) ) {
+
+                // 'BigNumber() constructor call without new: {n}'
+                if (ERRORS) raise( 26, 'constructor call without new', n );
+                return new BigNumber( n, b );
+            }
+
+            // 'new BigNumber() base not an integer: {b}'
+            // 'new BigNumber() base out of range: {b}'
+            if ( b == null || !isValidInt( b, 2, 64, id, 'base' ) ) {
+
+                // Duplicate.
+                if ( n instanceof BigNumber ) {
+                    x.s = n.s;
+                    x.e = n.e;
+                    x.c = ( n = n.c ) ? n.slice() : n;
+                    id = 0;
+                    return;
+                }
+
+                if ( ( num = typeof n == 'number' ) && n * 0 == 0 ) {
+                    x.s = 1 / n < 0 ? ( n = -n, -1 ) : 1;
+
+                    // Fast path for integers.
+                    if ( n === ~~n ) {
+                        for ( e = 0, i = n; i >= 10; i /= 10, e++ );
+                        x.e = e;
+                        x.c = [n];
+                        id = 0;
+                        return;
+                    }
+
+                    str = n + '';
+                } else {
+                    if ( !isNumeric.test( str = n + '' ) ) return parseNumeric( x, str, num );
+                    x.s = str.charCodeAt(0) === 45 ? ( str = str.slice(1), -1 ) : 1;
+                }
+            } else {
+                b = b | 0;
+                str = n + '';
+
+                // Ensure return value is rounded to DECIMAL_PLACES as with other bases.
+                // Allow exponential notation to be used with base 10 argument.
+                if ( b == 10 ) {
+                    x = new BigNumber( n instanceof BigNumber ? n : str );
+                    return round( x, DECIMAL_PLACES + x.e + 1, ROUNDING_MODE );
+                }
+
+                // Avoid potential interpretation of Infinity and NaN as base 44+ values.
+                // Any number in exponential form will fail due to the [Ee][+-].
+                if ( ( num = typeof n == 'number' ) && n * 0 != 0 ||
+                  !( new RegExp( '^-?' + ( c = '[' + ALPHABET.slice( 0, b ) + ']+' ) +
+                    '(?:\\.' + c + ')?$',b < 37 ? 'i' : '' ) ).test(str) ) {
+                    return parseNumeric( x, str, num, b );
+                }
+
+                if (num) {
+                    x.s = 1 / n < 0 ? ( str = str.slice(1), -1 ) : 1;
+
+                    if ( ERRORS && str.replace( /^0\.0*|\./, '' ).length > 15 ) {
+
+                        // 'new BigNumber() number type has more than 15 significant digits: {n}'
+                        raise( id, tooManyDigits, n );
+                    }
+
+                    // Prevent later check for length on converted number.
+                    num = false;
+                } else {
+                    x.s = str.charCodeAt(0) === 45 ? ( str = str.slice(1), -1 ) : 1;
+                }
+
+                str = convertBase( str, 10, b, x.s );
+            }
+
+            // Decimal point?
+            if ( ( e = str.indexOf('.') ) > -1 ) str = str.replace( '.', '' );
+
+            // Exponential form?
+            if ( ( i = str.search( /e/i ) ) > 0 ) {
+
+                // Determine exponent.
+                if ( e < 0 ) e = i;
+                e += +str.slice( i + 1 );
+                str = str.substring( 0, i );
+            } else if ( e < 0 ) {
+
+                // Integer.
+                e = str.length;
+            }
+
+            // Determine leading zeros.
+            for ( i = 0; str.charCodeAt(i) === 48; i++ );
+
+            // Determine trailing zeros.
+            for ( len = str.length; str.charCodeAt(--len) === 48; );
+            str = str.slice( i, len + 1 );
+
+            if (str) {
+                len = str.length;
+
+                // Disallow numbers with over 15 significant digits if number type.
+                // 'new BigNumber() number type has more than 15 significant digits: {n}'
+                if ( num && ERRORS && len > 15 ) raise( id, tooManyDigits, x.s * n );
+
+                e = e - i - 1;
+
+                 // Overflow?
+                if ( e > MAX_EXP ) {
+
+                    // Infinity.
+                    x.c = x.e = null;
+
+                // Underflow?
+                } else if ( e < MIN_EXP ) {
+
+                    // Zero.
+                    x.c = [ x.e = 0 ];
+                } else {
+                    x.e = e;
+                    x.c = [];
+
+                    // Transform base
+
+                    // e is the base 10 exponent.
+                    // i is where to slice str to get the first element of the coefficient array.
+                    i = ( e + 1 ) % LOG_BASE;
+                    if ( e < 0 ) i += LOG_BASE;
+
+                    if ( i < len ) {
+                        if (i) x.c.push( +str.slice( 0, i ) );
+
+                        for ( len -= LOG_BASE; i < len; ) {
+                            x.c.push( +str.slice( i, i += LOG_BASE ) );
+                        }
+
+                        str = str.slice(i);
+                        i = LOG_BASE - str.length;
+                    } else {
+                        i -= len;
+                    }
+
+                    for ( ; i--; str += '0' );
+                    x.c.push( +str );
+                }
+            } else {
+
+                // Zero.
+                x.c = [ x.e = 0 ];
+            }
+
+            id = 0;
+        }
+
+
+        // CONSTRUCTOR PROPERTIES
+
+
+        BigNumber.another = another;
+
+        BigNumber.ROUND_UP = 0;
+        BigNumber.ROUND_DOWN = 1;
+        BigNumber.ROUND_CEIL = 2;
+        BigNumber.ROUND_FLOOR = 3;
+        BigNumber.ROUND_HALF_UP = 4;
+        BigNumber.ROUND_HALF_DOWN = 5;
+        BigNumber.ROUND_HALF_EVEN = 6;
+        BigNumber.ROUND_HALF_CEIL = 7;
+        BigNumber.ROUND_HALF_FLOOR = 8;
+        BigNumber.EUCLID = 9;
+
+
+        /*
+         * Configure infrequently-changing library-wide settings.
+         *
+         * Accept an object or an argument list, with one or many of the following properties or
+         * parameters respectively:
+         *
+         *   DECIMAL_PLACES  {number}  Integer, 0 to MAX inclusive
+         *   ROUNDING_MODE   {number}  Integer, 0 to 8 inclusive
+         *   EXPONENTIAL_AT  {number|number[]}  Integer, -MAX to MAX inclusive or
+         *                                      [integer -MAX to 0 incl., 0 to MAX incl.]
+         *   RANGE           {number|number[]}  Non-zero integer, -MAX to MAX inclusive or
+         *                                      [integer -MAX to -1 incl., integer 1 to MAX incl.]
+         *   ERRORS          {boolean|number}   true, false, 1 or 0
+         *   CRYPTO          {boolean|number}   true, false, 1 or 0
+         *   MODULO_MODE     {number}           0 to 9 inclusive
+         *   POW_PRECISION   {number}           0 to MAX inclusive
+         *   FORMAT          {object}           See BigNumber.prototype.toFormat
+         *      decimalSeparator       {string}
+         *      groupSeparator         {string}
+         *      groupSize              {number}
+         *      secondaryGroupSize     {number}
+         *      fractionGroupSeparator {string}
+         *      fractionGroupSize      {number}
+         *
+         * (The values assigned to the above FORMAT object properties are not checked for validity.)
+         *
+         * E.g.
+         * BigNumber.config(20, 4) is equivalent to
+         * BigNumber.config({ DECIMAL_PLACES : 20, ROUNDING_MODE : 4 })
+         *
+         * Ignore properties/parameters set to null or undefined.
+         * Return an object with the properties current values.
+         */
+        BigNumber.config = function () {
+            var v, p,
+                i = 0,
+                r = {},
+                a = arguments,
+                o = a[0],
+                has = o && typeof o == 'object'
+                  ? function () { if ( o.hasOwnProperty(p) ) return ( v = o[p] ) != null; }
+                  : function () { if ( a.length > i ) return ( v = a[i++] ) != null; };
+
+            // DECIMAL_PLACES {number} Integer, 0 to MAX inclusive.
+            // 'config() DECIMAL_PLACES not an integer: {v}'
+            // 'config() DECIMAL_PLACES out of range: {v}'
+            if ( has( p = 'DECIMAL_PLACES' ) && isValidInt( v, 0, MAX, 2, p ) ) {
+                DECIMAL_PLACES = v | 0;
+            }
+            r[p] = DECIMAL_PLACES;
+
+            // ROUNDING_MODE {number} Integer, 0 to 8 inclusive.
+            // 'config() ROUNDING_MODE not an integer: {v}'
+            // 'config() ROUNDING_MODE out of range: {v}'
+            if ( has( p = 'ROUNDING_MODE' ) && isValidInt( v, 0, 8, 2, p ) ) {
+                ROUNDING_MODE = v | 0;
+            }
+            r[p] = ROUNDING_MODE;
+
+            // EXPONENTIAL_AT {number|number[]}
+            // Integer, -MAX to MAX inclusive or [integer -MAX to 0 inclusive, 0 to MAX inclusive].
+            // 'config() EXPONENTIAL_AT not an integer: {v}'
+            // 'config() EXPONENTIAL_AT out of range: {v}'
+            if ( has( p = 'EXPONENTIAL_AT' ) ) {
+
+                if ( isArray(v) ) {
+                    if ( isValidInt( v[0], -MAX, 0, 2, p ) && isValidInt( v[1], 0, MAX, 2, p ) ) {
+                        TO_EXP_NEG = v[0] | 0;
+                        TO_EXP_POS = v[1] | 0;
+                    }
+                } else if ( isValidInt( v, -MAX, MAX, 2, p ) ) {
+                    TO_EXP_NEG = -( TO_EXP_POS = ( v < 0 ? -v : v ) | 0 );
+                }
+            }
+            r[p] = [ TO_EXP_NEG, TO_EXP_POS ];
+
+            // RANGE {number|number[]} Non-zero integer, -MAX to MAX inclusive or
+            // [integer -MAX to -1 inclusive, integer 1 to MAX inclusive].
+            // 'config() RANGE not an integer: {v}'
+            // 'config() RANGE cannot be zero: {v}'
+            // 'config() RANGE out of range: {v}'
+            if ( has( p = 'RANGE' ) ) {
+
+                if ( isArray(v) ) {
+                    if ( isValidInt( v[0], -MAX, -1, 2, p ) && isValidInt( v[1], 1, MAX, 2, p ) ) {
+                        MIN_EXP = v[0] | 0;
+                        MAX_EXP = v[1] | 0;
+                    }
+                } else if ( isValidInt( v, -MAX, MAX, 2, p ) ) {
+                    if ( v | 0 ) MIN_EXP = -( MAX_EXP = ( v < 0 ? -v : v ) | 0 );
+                    else if (ERRORS) raise( 2, p + ' cannot be zero', v );
+                }
+            }
+            r[p] = [ MIN_EXP, MAX_EXP ];
+
+            // ERRORS {boolean|number} true, false, 1 or 0.
+            // 'config() ERRORS not a boolean or binary digit: {v}'
+            if ( has( p = 'ERRORS' ) ) {
+
+                if ( v === !!v || v === 1 || v === 0 ) {
+                    id = 0;
+                    isValidInt = ( ERRORS = !!v ) ? intValidatorWithErrors : intValidatorNoErrors;
+                } else if (ERRORS) {
+                    raise( 2, p + notBool, v );
+                }
+            }
+            r[p] = ERRORS;
+
+            // CRYPTO {boolean|number} true, false, 1 or 0.
+            // 'config() CRYPTO not a boolean or binary digit: {v}'
+            // 'config() crypto unavailable: {crypto}'
+            if ( has( p = 'CRYPTO' ) ) {
+
+                if ( v === !!v || v === 1 || v === 0 ) {
+                    CRYPTO = !!( v && crypto && typeof crypto == 'object' );
+                    if ( v && !CRYPTO && ERRORS ) raise( 2, 'crypto unavailable', crypto );
+                } else if (ERRORS) {
+                    raise( 2, p + notBool, v );
+                }
+            }
+            r[p] = CRYPTO;
+
+            // MODULO_MODE {number} Integer, 0 to 9 inclusive.
+            // 'config() MODULO_MODE not an integer: {v}'
+            // 'config() MODULO_MODE out of range: {v}'
+            if ( has( p = 'MODULO_MODE' ) && isValidInt( v, 0, 9, 2, p ) ) {
+                MODULO_MODE = v | 0;
+            }
+            r[p] = MODULO_MODE;
+
+            // POW_PRECISION {number} Integer, 0 to MAX inclusive.
+            // 'config() POW_PRECISION not an integer: {v}'
+            // 'config() POW_PRECISION out of range: {v}'
+            if ( has( p = 'POW_PRECISION' ) && isValidInt( v, 0, MAX, 2, p ) ) {
+                POW_PRECISION = v | 0;
+            }
+            r[p] = POW_PRECISION;
+
+            // FORMAT {object}
+            // 'config() FORMAT not an object: {v}'
+            if ( has( p = 'FORMAT' ) ) {
+
+                if ( typeof v == 'object' ) {
+                    FORMAT = v;
+                } else if (ERRORS) {
+                    raise( 2, p + ' not an object', v );
+                }
+            }
+            r[p] = FORMAT;
+
+            return r;
+        };
+
+
+        /*
+         * Return a new BigNumber whose value is the maximum of the arguments.
+         *
+         * arguments {number|string|BigNumber}
+         */
+        BigNumber.max = function () { return maxOrMin( arguments, P.lt ); };
+
+
+        /*
+         * Return a new BigNumber whose value is the minimum of the arguments.
+         *
+         * arguments {number|string|BigNumber}
+         */
+        BigNumber.min = function () { return maxOrMin( arguments, P.gt ); };
+
+
+        /*
+         * Return a new BigNumber with a random value equal to or greater than 0 and less than 1,
+         * and with dp, or DECIMAL_PLACES if dp is omitted, decimal places (or less if trailing
+         * zeros are produced).
+         *
+         * [dp] {number} Decimal places. Integer, 0 to MAX inclusive.
+         *
+         * 'random() decimal places not an integer: {dp}'
+         * 'random() decimal places out of range: {dp}'
+         * 'random() crypto unavailable: {crypto}'
+         */
+        BigNumber.random = (function () {
+            var pow2_53 = 0x20000000000000;
+
+            // Return a 53 bit integer n, where 0 <= n < 9007199254740992.
+            // Check if Math.random() produces more than 32 bits of randomness.
+            // If it does, assume at least 53 bits are produced, otherwise assume at least 30 bits.
+            // 0x40000000 is 2^30, 0x800000 is 2^23, 0x1fffff is 2^21 - 1.
+            var random53bitInt = (Math.random() * pow2_53) & 0x1fffff
+              ? function () { return mathfloor( Math.random() * pow2_53 ); }
+              : function () { return ((Math.random() * 0x40000000 | 0) * 0x800000) +
+                  (Math.random() * 0x800000 | 0); };
+
+            return function (dp) {
+                var a, b, e, k, v,
+                    i = 0,
+                    c = [],
+                    rand = new BigNumber(ONE);
+
+                dp = dp == null || !isValidInt( dp, 0, MAX, 14 ) ? DECIMAL_PLACES : dp | 0;
+                k = mathceil( dp / LOG_BASE );
+
+                if (CRYPTO) {
+
+                    // Browsers supporting crypto.getRandomValues.
+                    if ( crypto && crypto.getRandomValues ) {
+
+                        a = crypto.getRandomValues( new Uint32Array( k *= 2 ) );
+
+                        for ( ; i < k; ) {
+
+                            // 53 bits:
+                            // ((Math.pow(2, 32) - 1) * Math.pow(2, 21)).toString(2)
+                            // 11111 11111111 11111111 11111111 11100000 00000000 00000000
+                            // ((Math.pow(2, 32) - 1) >>> 11).toString(2)
+                            //                                     11111 11111111 11111111
+                            // 0x20000 is 2^21.
+                            v = a[i] * 0x20000 + (a[i + 1] >>> 11);
+
+                            // Rejection sampling:
+                            // 0 <= v < 9007199254740992
+                            // Probability that v >= 9e15, is
+                            // 7199254740992 / 9007199254740992 ~= 0.0008, i.e. 1 in 1251
+                            if ( v >= 9e15 ) {
+                                b = crypto.getRandomValues( new Uint32Array(2) );
+                                a[i] = b[0];
+                                a[i + 1] = b[1];
+                            } else {
+
+                                // 0 <= v <= 8999999999999999
+                                // 0 <= (v % 1e14) <= 99999999999999
+                                c.push( v % 1e14 );
+                                i += 2;
+                            }
+                        }
+                        i = k / 2;
+
+                    // Node.js supporting crypto.randomBytes.
+                    } else if ( crypto && crypto.randomBytes ) {
+
+                        // buffer
+                        a = crypto.randomBytes( k *= 7 );
+
+                        for ( ; i < k; ) {
+
+                            // 0x1000000000000 is 2^48, 0x10000000000 is 2^40
+                            // 0x100000000 is 2^32, 0x1000000 is 2^24
+                            // 11111 11111111 11111111 11111111 11111111 11111111 11111111
+                            // 0 <= v < 9007199254740992
+                            v = ( ( a[i] & 31 ) * 0x1000000000000 ) + ( a[i + 1] * 0x10000000000 ) +
+                                  ( a[i + 2] * 0x100000000 ) + ( a[i + 3] * 0x1000000 ) +
+                                  ( a[i + 4] << 16 ) + ( a[i + 5] << 8 ) + a[i + 6];
+
+                            if ( v >= 9e15 ) {
+                                crypto.randomBytes(7).copy( a, i );
+                            } else {
+
+                                // 0 <= (v % 1e14) <= 99999999999999
+                                c.push( v % 1e14 );
+                                i += 7;
+                            }
+                        }
+                        i = k / 7;
+                    } else if (ERRORS) {
+                        raise( 14, 'crypto unavailable', crypto );
+                    }
+                }
+
+                // Use Math.random: CRYPTO is false or crypto is unavailable and ERRORS is false.
+                if (!i) {
+
+                    for ( ; i < k; ) {
+                        v = random53bitInt();
+                        if ( v < 9e15 ) c[i++] = v % 1e14;
+                    }
+                }
+
+                k = c[--i];
+                dp %= LOG_BASE;
+
+                // Convert trailing digits to zeros according to dp.
+                if ( k && dp ) {
+                    v = POWS_TEN[LOG_BASE - dp];
+                    c[i] = mathfloor( k / v ) * v;
+                }
+
+                // Remove trailing elements which are zero.
+                for ( ; c[i] === 0; c.pop(), i-- );
+
+                // Zero?
+                if ( i < 0 ) {
+                    c = [ e = 0 ];
+                } else {
+
+                    // Remove leading elements which are zero and adjust exponent accordingly.
+                    for ( e = -1 ; c[0] === 0; c.shift(), e -= LOG_BASE);
+
+                    // Count the digits of the first element of c to determine leading zeros, and...
+                    for ( i = 1, v = c[0]; v >= 10; v /= 10, i++);
+
+                    // adjust the exponent accordingly.
+                    if ( i < LOG_BASE ) e -= LOG_BASE - i;
+                }
+
+                rand.e = e;
+                rand.c = c;
+                return rand;
+            };
+        })();
+
+
+        // PRIVATE FUNCTIONS
+
+
+        // Convert a numeric string of baseIn to a numeric string of baseOut.
+        function convertBase( str, baseOut, baseIn, sign ) {
+            var d, e, k, r, x, xc, y,
+                i = str.indexOf( '.' ),
+                dp = DECIMAL_PLACES,
+                rm = ROUNDING_MODE;
+
+            if ( baseIn < 37 ) str = str.toLowerCase();
+
+            // Non-integer.
+            if ( i >= 0 ) {
+                k = POW_PRECISION;
+
+                // Unlimited precision.
+                POW_PRECISION = 0;
+                str = str.replace( '.', '' );
+                y = new BigNumber(baseIn);
+                x = y.pow( str.length - i );
+                POW_PRECISION = k;
+
+                // Convert str as if an integer, then restore the fraction part by dividing the
+                // result by its base raised to a power.
+                y.c = toBaseOut( toFixedPoint( coeffToString( x.c ), x.e ), 10, baseOut );
+                y.e = y.c.length;
+            }
+
+            // Convert the number as integer.
+            xc = toBaseOut( str, baseIn, baseOut );
+            e = k = xc.length;
+
+            // Remove trailing zeros.
+            for ( ; xc[--k] == 0; xc.pop() );
+            if ( !xc[0] ) return '0';
+
+            if ( i < 0 ) {
+                --e;
+            } else {
+                x.c = xc;
+                x.e = e;
+
+                // sign is needed for correct rounding.
+                x.s = sign;
+                x = div( x, y, dp, rm, baseOut );
+                xc = x.c;
+                r = x.r;
+                e = x.e;
+            }
+
+            d = e + dp + 1;
+
+            // The rounding digit, i.e. the digit to the right of the digit that may be rounded up.
+            i = xc[d];
+            k = baseOut / 2;
+            r = r || d < 0 || xc[d + 1] != null;
+
+            r = rm < 4 ? ( i != null || r ) && ( rm == 0 || rm == ( x.s < 0 ? 3 : 2 ) )
+                       : i > k || i == k &&( rm == 4 || r || rm == 6 && xc[d - 1] & 1 ||
+                         rm == ( x.s < 0 ? 8 : 7 ) );
+
+            if ( d < 1 || !xc[0] ) {
+
+                // 1^-dp or 0.
+                str = r ? toFixedPoint( '1', -dp ) : '0';
+            } else {
+                xc.length = d;
+
+                if (r) {
+
+                    // Rounding up may mean the previous digit has to be rounded up and so on.
+                    for ( --baseOut; ++xc[--d] > baseOut; ) {
+                        xc[d] = 0;
+
+                        if ( !d ) {
+                            ++e;
+                            xc.unshift(1);
+                        }
+                    }
+                }
+
+                // Determine trailing zeros.
+                for ( k = xc.length; !xc[--k]; );
+
+                // E.g. [4, 11, 15] becomes 4bf.
+                for ( i = 0, str = ''; i <= k; str += ALPHABET.charAt( xc[i++] ) );
+                str = toFixedPoint( str, e );
+            }
+
+            // The caller will add the sign.
+            return str;
+        }
+
+
+        // Perform division in the specified base. Called by div and convertBase.
+        div = (function () {
+
+            // Assume non-zero x and k.
+            function multiply( x, k, base ) {
+                var m, temp, xlo, xhi,
+                    carry = 0,
+                    i = x.length,
+                    klo = k % SQRT_BASE,
+                    khi = k / SQRT_BASE | 0;
+
+                for ( x = x.slice(); i--; ) {
+                    xlo = x[i] % SQRT_BASE;
+                    xhi = x[i] / SQRT_BASE | 0;
+                    m = khi * xlo + xhi * klo;
+                    temp = klo * xlo + ( ( m % SQRT_BASE ) * SQRT_BASE ) + carry;
+                    carry = ( temp / base | 0 ) + ( m / SQRT_BASE | 0 ) + khi * xhi;
+                    x[i] = temp % base;
+                }
+
+                if (carry) x.unshift(carry);
+
+                return x;
+            }
+
+            function compare( a, b, aL, bL ) {
+                var i, cmp;
+
+                if ( aL != bL ) {
+                    cmp = aL > bL ? 1 : -1;
+                } else {
+
+                    for ( i = cmp = 0; i < aL; i++ ) {
+
+                        if ( a[i] != b[i] ) {
+                            cmp = a[i] > b[i] ? 1 : -1;
+                            break;
+                        }
+                    }
+                }
+                return cmp;
+            }
+
+            function subtract( a, b, aL, base ) {
+                var i = 0;
+
+                // Subtract b from a.
+                for ( ; aL--; ) {
+                    a[aL] -= i;
+                    i = a[aL] < b[aL] ? 1 : 0;
+                    a[aL] = i * base + a[aL] - b[aL];
+                }
+
+                // Remove leading zeros.
+                for ( ; !a[0] && a.length > 1; a.shift() );
+            }
+
+            // x: dividend, y: divisor.
+            return function ( x, y, dp, rm, base ) {
+                var cmp, e, i, more, n, prod, prodL, q, qc, rem, remL, rem0, xi, xL, yc0,
+                    yL, yz,
+                    s = x.s == y.s ? 1 : -1,
+                    xc = x.c,
+                    yc = y.c;
+
+                // Either NaN, Infinity or 0?
+                if ( !xc || !xc[0] || !yc || !yc[0] ) {
+
+                    return new BigNumber(
+
+                      // Return NaN if either NaN, or both Infinity or 0.
+                      !x.s || !y.s || ( xc ? yc && xc[0] == yc[0] : !yc ) ? NaN :
+
+                        // Return ±0 if x is ±0 or y is ±Infinity, or return ±Infinity as y is ±0.
+                        xc && xc[0] == 0 || !yc ? s * 0 : s / 0
+                    );
+                }
+
+                q = new BigNumber(s);
+                qc = q.c = [];
+                e = x.e - y.e;
+                s = dp + e + 1;
+
+                if ( !base ) {
+                    base = BASE;
+                    e = bitFloor( x.e / LOG_BASE ) - bitFloor( y.e / LOG_BASE );
+                    s = s / LOG_BASE | 0;
+                }
+
+                // Result exponent may be one less then the current value of e.
+                // The coefficients of the BigNumbers from convertBase may have trailing zeros.
+                for ( i = 0; yc[i] == ( xc[i] || 0 ); i++ );
+                if ( yc[i] > ( xc[i] || 0 ) ) e--;
+
+                if ( s < 0 ) {
+                    qc.push(1);
+                    more = true;
+                } else {
+                    xL = xc.length;
+                    yL = yc.length;
+                    i = 0;
+                    s += 2;
+
+                    // Normalise xc and yc so highest order digit of yc is >= base / 2.
+
+                    n = mathfloor( base / ( yc[0] + 1 ) );
+
+                    // Not necessary, but to handle odd bases where yc[0] == ( base / 2 ) - 1.
+                    // if ( n > 1 || n++ == 1 && yc[0] < base / 2 ) {
+                    if ( n > 1 ) {
+                        yc = multiply( yc, n, base );
+                        xc = multiply( xc, n, base );
+                        yL = yc.length;
+                        xL = xc.length;
+                    }
+
+                    xi = yL;
+                    rem = xc.slice( 0, yL );
+                    remL = rem.length;
+
+                    // Add zeros to make remainder as long as divisor.
+                    for ( ; remL < yL; rem[remL++] = 0 );
+                    yz = yc.slice();
+                    yz.unshift(0);
+                    yc0 = yc[0];
+                    if ( yc[1] >= base / 2 ) yc0++;
+                    // Not necessary, but to prevent trial digit n > base, when using base 3.
+                    // else if ( base == 3 && yc0 == 1 ) yc0 = 1 + 1e-15;
+
+                    do {
+                        n = 0;
+
+                        // Compare divisor and remainder.
+                        cmp = compare( yc, rem, yL, remL );
+
+                        // If divisor < remainder.
+                        if ( cmp < 0 ) {
+
+                            // Calculate trial digit, n.
+
+                            rem0 = rem[0];
+                            if ( yL != remL ) rem0 = rem0 * base + ( rem[1] || 0 );
+
+                            // n is how many times the divisor goes into the current remainder.
+                            n = mathfloor( rem0 / yc0 );
+
+                            //  Algorithm:
+                            //  1. product = divisor * trial digit (n)
+                            //  2. if product > remainder: product -= divisor, n--
+                            //  3. remainder -= product
+                            //  4. if product was < remainder at 2:
+                            //    5. compare new remainder and divisor
+                            //    6. If remainder > divisor: remainder -= divisor, n++
+
+                            if ( n > 1 ) {
+
+                                // n may be > base only when base is 3.
+                                if (n >= base) n = base - 1;
+
+                                // product = divisor * trial digit.
+                                prod = multiply( yc, n, base );
+                                prodL = prod.length;
+                                remL = rem.length;
+
+                                // Compare product and remainder.
+                                // If product > remainder.
+                                // Trial digit n too high.
+                                // n is 1 too high about 5% of the time, and is not known to have
+                                // ever been more than 1 too high.
+                                while ( compare( prod, rem, prodL, remL ) == 1 ) {
+                                    n--;
+
+                                    // Subtract divisor from product.
+                                    subtract( prod, yL < prodL ? yz : yc, prodL, base );
+                                    prodL = prod.length;
+                                    cmp = 1;
+                                }
+                            } else {
+
+                                // n is 0 or 1, cmp is -1.
+                                // If n is 0, there is no need to compare yc and rem again below,
+                                // so change cmp to 1 to avoid it.
+                                // If n is 1, leave cmp as -1, so yc and rem are compared again.
+                                if ( n == 0 ) {
+
+                                    // divisor < remainder, so n must be at least 1.
+                                    cmp = n = 1;
+                                }
+
+                                // product = divisor
+                                prod = yc.slice();
+                                prodL = prod.length;
+                            }
+
+                            if ( prodL < remL ) prod.unshift(0);
+
+                            // Subtract product from remainder.
+                            subtract( rem, prod, remL, base );
+                            remL = rem.length;
+
+                             // If product was < remainder.
+                            if ( cmp == -1 ) {
+
+                                // Compare divisor and new remainder.
+                                // If divisor < new remainder, subtract divisor from remainder.
+                                // Trial digit n too low.
+                                // n is 1 too low about 5% of the time, and very rarely 2 too low.
+                                while ( compare( yc, rem, yL, remL ) < 1 ) {
+                                    n++;
+
+                                    // Subtract divisor from remainder.
+                                    subtract( rem, yL < remL ? yz : yc, remL, base );
+                                    remL = rem.length;
+                                }
+                            }
+                        } else if ( cmp === 0 ) {
+                            n++;
+                            rem = [0];
+                        } // else cmp === 1 and n will be 0
+
+                        // Add the next digit, n, to the result array.
+                        qc[i++] = n;
+
+                        // Update the remainder.
+                        if ( rem[0] ) {
+                            rem[remL++] = xc[xi] || 0;
+                        } else {
+                            rem = [ xc[xi] ];
+                            remL = 1;
+                        }
+                    } while ( ( xi++ < xL || rem[0] != null ) && s-- );
+
+                    more = rem[0] != null;
+
+                    // Leading zero?
+                    if ( !qc[0] ) qc.shift();
+                }
+
+                if ( base == BASE ) {
+
+                    // To calculate q.e, first get the number of digits of qc[0].
+                    for ( i = 1, s = qc[0]; s >= 10; s /= 10, i++ );
+                    round( q, dp + ( q.e = i + e * LOG_BASE - 1 ) + 1, rm, more );
+
+                // Caller is convertBase.
+                } else {
+                    q.e = e;
+                    q.r = +more;
+                }
+
+                return q;
+            };
+        })();
+
+
+        /*
+         * Return a string representing the value of BigNumber n in fixed-point or exponential
+         * notation rounded to the specified decimal places or significant digits.
+         *
+         * n is a BigNumber.
+         * i is the index of the last digit required (i.e. the digit that may be rounded up).
+         * rm is the rounding mode.
+         * caller is caller id: toExponential 19, toFixed 20, toFormat 21, toPrecision 24.
+         */
+        function format( n, i, rm, caller ) {
+            var c0, e, ne, len, str;
+
+            rm = rm != null && isValidInt( rm, 0, 8, caller, roundingMode )
+              ? rm | 0 : ROUNDING_MODE;
+
+            if ( !n.c ) return n.toString();
+            c0 = n.c[0];
+            ne = n.e;
+
+            if ( i == null ) {
+                str = coeffToString( n.c );
+                str = caller == 19 || caller == 24 && ne <= TO_EXP_NEG
+                  ? toExponential( str, ne )
+                  : toFixedPoint( str, ne );
+            } else {
+                n = round( new BigNumber(n), i, rm );
+
+                // n.e may have changed if the value was rounded up.
+                e = n.e;
+
+                str = coeffToString( n.c );
+                len = str.length;
+
+                // toPrecision returns exponential notation if the number of significant digits
+                // specified is less than the number of digits necessary to represent the integer
+                // part of the value in fixed-point notation.
+
+                // Exponential notation.
+                if ( caller == 19 || caller == 24 && ( i <= e || e <= TO_EXP_NEG ) ) {
+
+                    // Append zeros?
+                    for ( ; len < i; str += '0', len++ );
+                    str = toExponential( str, e );
+
+                // Fixed-point notation.
+                } else {
+                    i -= ne;
+                    str = toFixedPoint( str, e );
+
+                    // Append zeros?
+                    if ( e + 1 > len ) {
+                        if ( --i > 0 ) for ( str += '.'; i--; str += '0' );
+                    } else {
+                        i += e - len;
+                        if ( i > 0 ) {
+                            if ( e + 1 == len ) str += '.';
+                            for ( ; i--; str += '0' );
+                        }
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+
+            return n.s < 0 && c0 ? '-' + str : str;
+        }
+
+
+        // Handle BigNumber.max and BigNumber.min.
+        function maxOrMin( args, method ) {
+            var m, n,
+                i = 0;
+
+            if ( isArray( args[0] ) ) args = args[0];
+            m = new BigNumber( args[0] );
+
+            for ( ; ++i < args.length; ) {
+                n = new BigNumber( args[i] );
+
+                // If any number is NaN, return NaN.
+                if ( !n.s ) {
+                    m = n;
+                    break;
+                } else if ( method.call( m, n ) ) {
+                    m = n;
+                }
+            }
+
+            return m;
+        }
+
+
+        /*
+         * Return true if n is an integer in range, otherwise throw.
+         * Use for argument validation when ERRORS is true.
+         */
+        function intValidatorWithErrors( n, min, max, caller, name ) {
+            if ( n < min || n > max || n != truncate(n) ) {
+                raise( caller, ( name || 'decimal places' ) +
+                  ( n < min || n > max ? ' out of range' : ' not an integer' ), n );
+            }
+
+            return true;
+        }
+
+
+        /*
+         * Strip trailing zeros, calculate base 10 exponent and check against MIN_EXP and MAX_EXP.
+         * Called by minus, plus and times.
+         */
+        function normalise( n, c, e ) {
+            var i = 1,
+                j = c.length;
+
+             // Remove trailing zeros.
+            for ( ; !c[--j]; c.pop() );
+
+            // Calculate the base 10 exponent. First get the number of digits of c[0].
+            for ( j = c[0]; j >= 10; j /= 10, i++ );
+
+            // Overflow?
+            if ( ( e = i + e * LOG_BASE - 1 ) > MAX_EXP ) {
+
+                // Infinity.
+                n.c = n.e = null;
+
+            // Underflow?
+            } else if ( e < MIN_EXP ) {
+
+                // Zero.
+                n.c = [ n.e = 0 ];
+            } else {
+                n.e = e;
+                n.c = c;
+            }
+
+            return n;
+        }
+
+
+        // Handle values that fail the validity test in BigNumber.
+        parseNumeric = (function () {
+            var basePrefix=/^(-?)0([xbo])/i,
+                dotAfter=/^([^.]+)\.$/,
+                dotBefore=/^\.([^.]+)$/,
+                isInfinityOrNaN=/^-?(Infinity|NaN)$/,
+                whitespaceOrPlus=/^\s*\+|^\s+|\s+$/g;
+
+            return function ( x, str, num, b ) {
+                var base,
+                    s = num ? str : str.replace( whitespaceOrPlus, '' );
+
+                // No exception on ±Infinity or NaN.
+                if ( isInfinityOrNaN.test(s) ) {
+                    x.s = isNaN(s) ? null : s < 0 ? -1 : 1;
+                } else {
+                    if ( !num ) {
+
+                        // basePrefix = /^(-?)0([xbo])(?=\w[\w.]*$)/i
+                        s = s.replace( basePrefix, function ( m, p1, p2 ) {
+                            base = ( p2 = p2.toLowerCase() ) == 'x' ? 16 : p2 == 'b' ? 2 : 8;
+                            return !b || b == base ? p1 : m;
+                        });
+
+                        if (b) {
+                            base = b;
+
+                            // E.g. '1.' to '1', '.1' to '0.1'
+                            s = s.replace( dotAfter, '$1' ).replace( dotBefore, '0.$1' );
+                        }
+
+                        if ( str != s ) return new BigNumber( s, base );
+                    }
+
+                    // 'new BigNumber() not a number: {n}'
+                    // 'new BigNumber() not a base {b} number: {n}'
+                    if (ERRORS) raise( id, 'not a' + ( b ? ' base ' + b : '' ) + ' number', str );
+                    x.s = null;
+                }
+
+                x.c = x.e = null;
+                id = 0;
+            }
+        })();
+
+
+        // Throw a BigNumber Error.
+        function raise( caller, msg, val ) {
+            var error = new Error( [
+                'new BigNumber',     // 0
+                'cmp',               // 1
+                'config',            // 2
+                'div',               // 3
+                'divToInt',          // 4
+                'eq',                // 5
+                'gt',                // 6
+                'gte',               // 7
+                'lt',                // 8
+                'lte',               // 9
+                'minus',             // 10
+                'mod',               // 11
+                'plus',              // 12
+                'precision',         // 13
+                'random',            // 14
+                'round',             // 15
+                'shift',             // 16
+                'times',             // 17
+                'toDigits',          // 18
+                'toExponential',     // 19
+                'toFixed',           // 20
+                'toFormat',          // 21
+                'toFraction',        // 22
+                'pow',               // 23
+                'toPrecision',       // 24
+                'toString',          // 25
+                'BigNumber'          // 26
+            ][caller] + '() ' + msg + ': ' + val );
+
+            error.name = 'BigNumber Error';
+            id = 0;
+            throw error;
+        }
+
+
+        /*
+         * Round x to sd significant digits using rounding mode rm. Check for over/under-flow.
+         * If r is truthy, it is known that there are more digits after the rounding digit.
+         */
+        function round( x, sd, rm, r ) {
+            var d, i, j, k, n, ni, rd,
+                xc = x.c,
+                pows10 = POWS_TEN;
+
+            // if x is not Infinity or NaN...
+            if (xc) {
+
+                // rd is the rounding digit, i.e. the digit after the digit that may be rounded up.
+                // n is a base 1e14 number, the value of the element of array x.c containing rd.
+                // ni is the index of n within x.c.
+                // d is the number of digits of n.
+                // i is the index of rd within n including leading zeros.
+                // j is the actual index of rd within n (if < 0, rd is a leading zero).
+                out: {
+
+                    // Get the number of digits of the first element of xc.
+                    for ( d = 1, k = xc[0]; k >= 10; k /= 10, d++ );
+                    i = sd - d;
+
+                    // If the rounding digit is in the first element of xc...
+                    if ( i < 0 ) {
+                        i += LOG_BASE;
+                        j = sd;
+                        n = xc[ ni = 0 ];
+
+                        // Get the rounding digit at index j of n.
+                        rd = n / pows10[ d - j - 1 ] % 10 | 0;
+                    } else {
+                        ni = mathceil( ( i + 1 ) / LOG_BASE );
+
+                        if ( ni >= xc.length ) {
+
+                            if (r) {
+
+                                // Needed by sqrt.
+                                for ( ; xc.length <= ni; xc.push(0) );
+                                n = rd = 0;
+                                d = 1;
+                                i %= LOG_BASE;
+                                j = i - LOG_BASE + 1;
+                            } else {
+                                break out;
+                            }
+                        } else {
+                            n = k = xc[ni];
+
+                            // Get the number of digits of n.
+                            for ( d = 1; k >= 10; k /= 10, d++ );
+
+                            // Get the index of rd within n.
+                            i %= LOG_BASE;
+
+                            // Get the index of rd within n, adjusted for leading zeros.
+                            // The number of leading zeros of n is given by LOG_BASE - d.
+                            j = i - LOG_BASE + d;
+
+                            // Get the rounding digit at index j of n.
+                            rd = j < 0 ? 0 : n / pows10[ d - j - 1 ] % 10 | 0;
+                        }
+                    }
+
+                    r = r || sd < 0 ||
+
+                    // Are there any non-zero digits after the rounding digit?
+                    // The expression  n % pows10[ d - j - 1 ]  returns all digits of n to the right
+                    // of the digit at j, e.g. if n is 908714 and j is 2, the expression gives 714.
+                      xc[ni + 1] != null || ( j < 0 ? n : n % pows10[ d - j - 1 ] );
+
+                    r = rm < 4
+                      ? ( rd || r ) && ( rm == 0 || rm == ( x.s < 0 ? 3 : 2 ) )
+                      : rd > 5 || rd == 5 && ( rm == 4 || r || rm == 6 &&
+
+                        // Check whether the digit to the left of the rounding digit is odd.
+                        ( ( i > 0 ? j > 0 ? n / pows10[ d - j ] : 0 : xc[ni - 1] ) % 10 ) & 1 ||
+                          rm == ( x.s < 0 ? 8 : 7 ) );
+
+                    if ( sd < 1 || !xc[0] ) {
+                        xc.length = 0;
+
+                        if (r) {
+
+                            // Convert sd to decimal places.
+                            sd -= x.e + 1;
+
+                            // 1, 0.1, 0.01, 0.001, 0.0001 etc.
+                            xc[0] = pows10[ sd % LOG_BASE ];
+                            x.e = -sd || 0;
+                        } else {
+
+                            // Zero.
+                            xc[0] = x.e = 0;
+                        }
+
+                        return x;
+                    }
+
+                    // Remove excess digits.
+                    if ( i == 0 ) {
+                        xc.length = ni;
+                        k = 1;
+                        ni--;
+                    } else {
+                        xc.length = ni + 1;
+                        k = pows10[ LOG_BASE - i ];
+
+                        // E.g. 56700 becomes 56000 if 7 is the rounding digit.
+                        // j > 0 means i > number of leading zeros of n.
+                        xc[ni] = j > 0 ? mathfloor( n / pows10[ d - j ] % pows10[j] ) * k : 0;
+                    }
+
+                    // Round up?
+                    if (r) {
+
+                        for ( ; ; ) {
+
+                            // If the digit to be rounded up is in the first element of xc...
+                            if ( ni == 0 ) {
+
+                                // i will be the length of xc[0] before k is added.
+                                for ( i = 1, j = xc[0]; j >= 10; j /= 10, i++ );
+                                j = xc[0] += k;
+                                for ( k = 1; j >= 10; j /= 10, k++ );
+
+                                // if i != k the length has increased.
+                                if ( i != k ) {
+                                    x.e++;
+                                    if ( xc[0] == BASE ) xc[0] = 1;
+                                }
+
+                                break;
+                            } else {
+                                xc[ni] += k;
+                                if ( xc[ni] != BASE ) break;
+                                xc[ni--] = 0;
+                                k = 1;
+                            }
+                        }
+                    }
+
+                    // Remove trailing zeros.
+                    for ( i = xc.length; xc[--i] === 0; xc.pop() );
+                }
+
+                // Overflow? Infinity.
+                if ( x.e > MAX_EXP ) {
+                    x.c = x.e = null;
+
+                // Underflow? Zero.
+                } else if ( x.e < MIN_EXP ) {
+                    x.c = [ x.e = 0 ];
+                }
+            }
+
+            return x;
+        }
+
+
+        // PROTOTYPE/INSTANCE METHODS
+
+
+        /*
+         * Return a new BigNumber whose value is the absolute value of this BigNumber.
+         */
+        P.absoluteValue = P.abs = function () {
+            var x = new BigNumber(this);
+            if ( x.s < 0 ) x.s = 1;
+            return x;
+        };
+
+
+        /*
+         * Return a new BigNumber whose value is the value of this BigNumber rounded to a whole
+         * number in the direction of Infinity.
+         */
+        P.ceil = function () {
+            return round( new BigNumber(this), this.e + 1, 2 );
+        };
+
+
+        /*
+         * Return
+         * 1 if the value of this BigNumber is greater than the value of BigNumber(y, b),
+         * -1 if the value of this BigNumber is less than the value of BigNumber(y, b),
+         * 0 if they have the same value,
+         * or null if the value of either is NaN.
+         */
+        P.comparedTo = P.cmp = function ( y, b ) {
+            id = 1;
+            return compare( this, new BigNumber( y, b ) );
+        };
+
+
+        /*
+         * Return the number of decimal places of the value of this BigNumber, or null if the value
+         * of this BigNumber is ±Infinity or NaN.
+         */
+        P.decimalPlaces = P.dp = function () {
+            var n, v,
+                c = this.c;
+
+            if ( !c ) return null;
+            n = ( ( v = c.length - 1 ) - bitFloor( this.e / LOG_BASE ) ) * LOG_BASE;
+
+            // Subtract the number of trailing zeros of the last number.
+            if ( v = c[v] ) for ( ; v % 10 == 0; v /= 10, n-- );
+            if ( n < 0 ) n = 0;
+
+            return n;
+        };
+
+
+        /*
+         *  n / 0 = I
+         *  n / N = N
+         *  n / I = 0
+         *  0 / n = 0
+         *  0 / 0 = N
+         *  0 / N = N
+         *  0 / I = 0
+         *  N / n = N
+         *  N / 0 = N
+         *  N / N = N
+         *  N / I = N
+         *  I / n = I
+         *  I / 0 = I
+         *  I / N = N
+         *  I / I = N
+         *
+         * Return a new BigNumber whose value is the value of this BigNumber divided by the value of
+         * BigNumber(y, b), rounded according to DECIMAL_PLACES and ROUNDING_MODE.
+         */
+        P.dividedBy = P.div = function ( y, b ) {
+            id = 3;
+            return div( this, new BigNumber( y, b ), DECIMAL_PLACES, ROUNDING_MODE );
+        };
+
+
+        /*
+         * Return a new BigNumber whose value is the integer part of dividing the value of this
+         * BigNumber by the value of BigNumber(y, b).
+         */
+        P.dividedToIntegerBy = P.divToInt = function ( y, b ) {
+            id = 4;
+            return div( this, new BigNumber( y, b ), 0, 1 );
+        };
+
+
+        /*
+         * Return true if the value of this BigNumber is equal to the value of BigNumber(y, b),
+         * otherwise returns false.
+         */
+        P.equals = P.eq = function ( y, b ) {
+            id = 5;
+            return compare( this, new BigNumber( y, b ) ) === 0;
+        };
+
+
+        /*
+         * Return a new BigNumber whose value is the value of this BigNumber rounded to a whole
+         * number in the direction of -Infinity.
+         */
+        P.floor = function () {
+            return round( new BigNumber(this), this.e + 1, 3 );
+        };
+
+
+        /*
+         * Return true if the value of this BigNumber is greater than the value of BigNumber(y, b),
+         * otherwise returns false.
+         */
+        P.greaterThan = P.gt = function ( y, b ) {
+            id = 6;
+            return compare( this, new BigNumber( y, b ) ) > 0;
+        };
+
+
+        /*
+         * Return true if the value of this BigNumber is greater than or equal to the value of
+         * BigNumber(y, b), otherwise returns false.
+         */
+        P.greaterThanOrEqualTo = P.gte = function ( y, b ) {
+            id = 7;
+            return ( b = compare( this, new BigNumber( y, b ) ) ) === 1 || b === 0;
+
+        };
+
+
+        /*
+         * Return true if the value of this BigNumber is a finite number, otherwise returns false.
+         */
+        P.isFinite = function () {
+            return !!this.c;
+        };
+
+
+        /*
+         * Return true if the value of this BigNumber is an integer, otherwise return false.
+         */
+        P.isInteger = P.isInt = function () {
+            return !!this.c && bitFloor( this.e / LOG_BASE ) > this.c.length - 2;
+        };
+
+
+        /*
+         * Return true if the value of this BigNumber is NaN, otherwise returns false.
+         */
+        P.isNaN = function () {
+            return !this.s;
+        };
+
+
+        /*
+         * Return true if the value of this BigNumber is negative, otherwise returns false.
+         */
+        P.isNegative = P.isNeg = function () {
+            return this.s < 0;
+        };
+
+
+        /*
+         * Return true if the value of this BigNumber is 0 or -0, otherwise returns false.
+         */
+        P.isZero = function () {
+            return !!this.c && this.c[0] == 0;
+        };
+
+
+        /*
+         * Return true if the value of this BigNumber is less than the value of BigNumber(y, b),
+         * otherwise returns false.
+         */
+        P.lessThan = P.lt = function ( y, b ) {
+            id = 8;
+            return compare( this, new BigNumber( y, b ) ) < 0;
+        };
+
+
+        /*
+         * Return true if the value of this BigNumber is less than or equal to the value of
+         * BigNumber(y, b), otherwise returns false.
+         */
+        P.lessThanOrEqualTo = P.lte = function ( y, b ) {
+            id = 9;
+            return ( b = compare( this, new BigNumber( y, b ) ) ) === -1 || b === 0;
+        };
+
+
+        /*
+         *  n - 0 = n
+         *  n - N = N
+         *  n - I = -I
+         *  0 - n = -n
+         *  0 - 0 = 0
+         *  0 - N = N
+         *  0 - I = -I
+         *  N - n = N
+         *  N - 0 = N
+         *  N - N = N
+         *  N - I = N
+         *  I - n = I
+         *  I - 0 = I
+         *  I - N = N
+         *  I - I = N
+         *
+         * Return a new BigNumber whose value is the value of this BigNumber minus the value of
+         * BigNumber(y, b).
+         */
+        P.minus = P.sub = function ( y, b ) {
+            var i, j, t, xLTy,
+                x = this,
+                a = x.s;
+
+            id = 10;
+            y = new BigNumber( y, b );
+            b = y.s;
+
+            // Either NaN?
+            if ( !a || !b ) return new BigNumber(NaN);
+
+            // Signs differ?
+            if ( a != b ) {
+                y.s = -b;
+                return x.plus(y);
+            }
+
+            var xe = x.e / LOG_BASE,
+                ye = y.e / LOG_BASE,
+                xc = x.c,
+                yc = y.c;
+
+            if ( !xe || !ye ) {
+
+                // Either Infinity?
+                if ( !xc || !yc ) return xc ? ( y.s = -b, y ) : new BigNumber( yc ? x : NaN );
+
+                // Either zero?
+                if ( !xc[0] || !yc[0] ) {
+
+                    // Return y if y is non-zero, x if x is non-zero, or zero if both are zero.
+                    return yc[0] ? ( y.s = -b, y ) : new BigNumber( xc[0] ? x :
+
+                      // IEEE 754 (2008) 6.3: n - n = -0 when rounding to -Infinity
+                      ROUNDING_MODE == 3 ? -0 : 0 );
+                }
+            }
+
+            xe = bitFloor(xe);
+            ye = bitFloor(ye);
+            xc = xc.slice();
+
+            // Determine which is the bigger number.
+            if ( a = xe - ye ) {
+
+                if ( xLTy = a < 0 ) {
+                    a = -a;
+                    t = xc;
+                } else {
+                    ye = xe;
+                    t = yc;
+                }
+
+                t.reverse();
+
+                // Prepend zeros to equalise exponents.
+                for ( b = a; b--; t.push(0) );
+                t.reverse();
+            } else {
+
+                // Exponents equal. Check digit by digit.
+                j = ( xLTy = ( a = xc.length ) < ( b = yc.length ) ) ? a : b;
+
+                for ( a = b = 0; b < j; b++ ) {
+
+                    if ( xc[b] != yc[b] ) {
+                        xLTy = xc[b] < yc[b];
+                        break;
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+
+            // x < y? Point xc to the array of the bigger number.
+            if (xLTy) t = xc, xc = yc, yc = t, y.s = -y.s;
+
+            b = ( j = yc.length ) - ( i = xc.length );
+
+            // Append zeros to xc if shorter.
+            // No need to add zeros to yc if shorter as subtract only needs to start at yc.length.
+            if ( b > 0 ) for ( ; b--; xc[i++] = 0 );
+            b = BASE - 1;
+
+            // Subtract yc from xc.
+            for ( ; j > a; ) {
+
+                if ( xc[--j] < yc[j] ) {
+                    for ( i = j; i && !xc[--i]; xc[i] = b );
+                    --xc[i];
+                    xc[j] += BASE;
+                }
+
+                xc[j] -= yc[j];
+            }
+
+            // Remove leading zeros and adjust exponent accordingly.
+            for ( ; xc[0] == 0; xc.shift(), --ye );
+
+            // Zero?
+            if ( !xc[0] ) {
+
+                // Following IEEE 754 (2008) 6.3,
+                // n - n = +0  but  n - n = -0  when rounding towards -Infinity.
+                y.s = ROUNDING_MODE == 3 ? -1 : 1;
+                y.c = [ y.e = 0 ];
+                return y;
+            }
+
+            // No need to check for Infinity as +x - +y != Infinity && -x - -y != Infinity
+            // for finite x and y.
+            return normalise( y, xc, ye );
+        };
+
+
+        /*
+         *   n % 0 =  N
+         *   n % N =  N
+         *   n % I =  n
+         *   0 % n =  0
+         *  -0 % n = -0
+         *   0 % 0 =  N
+         *   0 % N =  N
+         *   0 % I =  0
+         *   N % n =  N
+         *   N % 0 =  N
+         *   N % N =  N
+         *   N % I =  N
+         *   I % n =  N
+         *   I % 0 =  N
+         *   I % N =  N
+         *   I % I =  N
+         *
+         * Return a new BigNumber whose value is the value of this BigNumber modulo the value of
+         * BigNumber(y, b). The result depends on the value of MODULO_MODE.
+         */
+        P.modulo = P.mod = function ( y, b ) {
+            var q, s,
+                x = this;
+
+            id = 11;
+            y = new BigNumber( y, b );
+
+            // Return NaN if x is Infinity or NaN, or y is NaN or zero.
+            if ( !x.c || !y.s || y.c && !y.c[0] ) {
+                return new BigNumber(NaN);
+
+            // Return x if y is Infinity or x is zero.
+            } else if ( !y.c || x.c && !x.c[0] ) {
+                return new BigNumber(x);
+            }
+
+            if ( MODULO_MODE == 9 ) {
+
+                // Euclidian division: q = sign(y) * floor(x / abs(y))
+                // r = x - qy    where  0 <= r < abs(y)
+                s = y.s;
+                y.s = 1;
+                q = div( x, y, 0, 3 );
+                y.s = s;
+                q.s *= s;
+            } else {
+                q = div( x, y, 0, MODULO_MODE );
+            }
+
+            return x.minus( q.times(y) );
+        };
+
+
+        /*
+         * Return a new BigNumber whose value is the value of this BigNumber negated,
+         * i.e. multiplied by -1.
+         */
+        P.negated = P.neg = function () {
+            var x = new BigNumber(this);
+            x.s = -x.s || null;
+            return x;
+        };
+
+
+        /*
+         *  n + 0 = n
+         *  n + N = N
+         *  n + I = I
+         *  0 + n = n
+         *  0 + 0 = 0
+         *  0 + N = N
+         *  0 + I = I
+         *  N + n = N
+         *  N + 0 = N
+         *  N + N = N
+         *  N + I = N
+         *  I + n = I
+         *  I + 0 = I
+         *  I + N = N
+         *  I + I = I
+         *
+         * Return a new BigNumber whose value is the value of this BigNumber plus the value of
+         * BigNumber(y, b).
+         */
+        P.plus = P.add = function ( y, b ) {
+            var t,
+                x = this,
+                a = x.s;
+
+            id = 12;
+            y = new BigNumber( y, b );
+            b = y.s;
+
+            // Either NaN?
+            if ( !a || !b ) return new BigNumber(NaN);
+
+            // Signs differ?
+             if ( a != b ) {
+                y.s = -b;
+                return x.minus(y);
+            }
+
+            var xe = x.e / LOG_BASE,
+                ye = y.e / LOG_BASE,
+                xc = x.c,
+                yc = y.c;
+
+            if ( !xe || !ye ) {
+
+                // Return ±Infinity if either ±Infinity.
+                if ( !xc || !yc ) return new BigNumber( a / 0 );
+
+                // Either zero?
+                // Return y if y is non-zero, x if x is non-zero, or zero if both are zero.
+                if ( !xc[0] || !yc[0] ) return yc[0] ? y : new BigNumber( xc[0] ? x : a * 0 );
+            }
+
+            xe = bitFloor(xe);
+            ye = bitFloor(ye);
+            xc = xc.slice();
+
+            // Prepend zeros to equalise exponents. Faster to use reverse then do unshifts.
+            if ( a = xe - ye ) {
+                if ( a > 0 ) {
+                    ye = xe;
+                    t = yc;
+                } else {
+                    a = -a;
+                    t = xc;
+                }
+
+                t.reverse();
+                for ( ; a--; t.push(0) );
+                t.reverse();
+            }
+
+            a = xc.length;
+            b = yc.length;
+
+            // Point xc to the longer array, and b to the shorter length.
+            if ( a - b < 0 ) t = yc, yc = xc, xc = t, b = a;
+
+            // Only start adding at yc.length - 1 as the further digits of xc can be ignored.
+            for ( a = 0; b; ) {
+                a = ( xc[--b] = xc[b] + yc[b] + a ) / BASE | 0;
+                xc[b] %= BASE;
+            }
+
+            if (a) {
+                xc.unshift(a);
+                ++ye;
+            }
+
+            // No need to check for zero, as +x + +y != 0 && -x + -y != 0
+            // ye = MAX_EXP + 1 possible
+            return normalise( y, xc, ye );
+        };
+
+
+        /*
+         * Return the number of significant digits of the value of this BigNumber.
+         *
+         * [z] {boolean|number} Whether to count integer-part trailing zeros: true, false, 1 or 0.
+         */
+        P.precision = P.sd = function (z) {
+            var n, v,
+                x = this,
+                c = x.c;
+
+            // 'precision() argument not a boolean or binary digit: {z}'
+            if ( z != null && z !== !!z && z !== 1 && z !== 0 ) {
+                if (ERRORS) raise( 13, 'argument' + notBool, z );
+                if ( z != !!z ) z = null;
+            }
+
+            if ( !c ) return null;
+            v = c.length - 1;
+            n = v * LOG_BASE + 1;
+
+            if ( v = c[v] ) {
+
+                // Subtract the number of trailing zeros of the last element.
+                for ( ; v % 10 == 0; v /= 10, n-- );
+
+                // Add the number of digits of the first element.
+                for ( v = c[0]; v >= 10; v /= 10, n++ );
+            }
+
+            if ( z && x.e + 1 > n ) n = x.e + 1;
+
+            return n;
+        };
+
+
+        /*
+         * Return a new BigNumber whose value is the value of this BigNumber rounded to a maximum of
+         * dp decimal places using rounding mode rm, or to 0 and ROUNDING_MODE respectively if
+         * omitted.
+         *
+         * [dp] {number} Decimal places. Integer, 0 to MAX inclusive.
+         * [rm] {number} Rounding mode. Integer, 0 to 8 inclusive.
+         *
+         * 'round() decimal places out of range: {dp}'
+         * 'round() decimal places not an integer: {dp}'
+         * 'round() rounding mode not an integer: {rm}'
+         * 'round() rounding mode out of range: {rm}'
+         */
+        P.round = function ( dp, rm ) {
+            var n = new BigNumber(this);
+
+            if ( dp == null || isValidInt( dp, 0, MAX, 15 ) ) {
+                round( n, ~~dp + this.e + 1, rm == null ||
+                  !isValidInt( rm, 0, 8, 15, roundingMode ) ? ROUNDING_MODE : rm | 0 );
+            }
+
+            return n;
+        };
+
+
+        /*
+         * Return a new BigNumber whose value is the value of this BigNumber shifted by k places
+         * (powers of 10). Shift to the right if n > 0, and to the left if n < 0.
+         *
+         * k {number} Integer, -MAX_SAFE_INTEGER to MAX_SAFE_INTEGER inclusive.
+         *
+         * If k is out of range and ERRORS is false, the result will be ±0 if k < 0, or ±Infinity
+         * otherwise.
+         *
+         * 'shift() argument not an integer: {k}'
+         * 'shift() argument out of range: {k}'
+         */
+        P.shift = function (k) {
+            var n = this;
+            return isValidInt( k, -MAX_SAFE_INTEGER, MAX_SAFE_INTEGER, 16, 'argument' )
+
+              // k < 1e+21, or truncate(k) will produce exponential notation.
+              ? n.times( '1e' + truncate(k) )
+              : new BigNumber( n.c && n.c[0] && ( k < -MAX_SAFE_INTEGER || k > MAX_SAFE_INTEGER )
+                ? n.s * ( k < 0 ? 0 : 1 / 0 )
+                : n );
+        };
+
+
+        /*
+         *  sqrt(-n) =  N
+         *  sqrt( N) =  N
+         *  sqrt(-I) =  N
+         *  sqrt( I) =  I
+         *  sqrt( 0) =  0
+         *  sqrt(-0) = -0
+         *
+         * Return a new BigNumber whose value is the square root of the value of this BigNumber,
+         * rounded according to DECIMAL_PLACES and ROUNDING_MODE.
+         */
+        P.squareRoot = P.sqrt = function () {
+            var m, n, r, rep, t,
+                x = this,
+                c = x.c,
+                s = x.s,
+                e = x.e,
+                dp = DECIMAL_PLACES + 4,
+                half = new BigNumber('0.5');
+
+            // Negative/NaN/Infinity/zero?
+            if ( s !== 1 || !c || !c[0] ) {
+                return new BigNumber( !s || s < 0 && ( !c || c[0] ) ? NaN : c ? x : 1 / 0 );
+            }
+
+            // Initial estimate.
+            s = Math.sqrt( +x );
+
+            // Math.sqrt underflow/overflow?
+            // Pass x to Math.sqrt as integer, then adjust the exponent of the result.
+            if ( s == 0 || s == 1 / 0 ) {
+                n = coeffToString(c);
+                if ( ( n.length + e ) % 2 == 0 ) n += '0';
+                s = Math.sqrt(n);
+                e = bitFloor( ( e + 1 ) / 2 ) - ( e < 0 || e % 2 );
+
+                if ( s == 1 / 0 ) {
+                    n = '1e' + e;
+                } else {
+                    n = s.toExponential();
+                    n = n.slice( 0, n.indexOf('e') + 1 ) + e;
+                }
+
+                r = new BigNumber(n);
+            } else {
+                r = new BigNumber( s + '' );
+            }
+
+            // Check for zero.
+            // r could be zero if MIN_EXP is changed after the this value was created.
+            // This would cause a division by zero (x/t) and hence Infinity below, which would cause
+            // coeffToString to throw.
+            if ( r.c[0] ) {
+                e = r.e;
+                s = e + dp;
+                if ( s < 3 ) s = 0;
+
+                // Newton-Raphson iteration.
+                for ( ; ; ) {
+                    t = r;
+                    r = half.times( t.plus( div( x, t, dp, 1 ) ) );
+
+                    if ( coeffToString( t.c   ).slice( 0, s ) === ( n =
+                         coeffToString( r.c ) ).slice( 0, s ) ) {
+
+                        // The exponent of r may here be one less than the final result exponent,
+                        // e.g 0.0009999 (e-4) --> 0.001 (e-3), so adjust s so the rounding digits
+                        // are indexed correctly.
+                        if ( r.e < e ) --s;
+                        n = n.slice( s - 3, s + 1 );
+
+                        // The 4th rounding digit may be in error by -1 so if the 4 rounding digits
+                        // are 9999 or 4999 (i.e. approaching a rounding boundary) continue the
+                        // iteration.
+                        if ( n == '9999' || !rep && n == '4999' ) {
+
+                            // On the first iteration only, check to see if rounding up gives the
+                            // exact result as the nines may infinitely repeat.
+                            if ( !rep ) {
+                                round( t, t.e + DECIMAL_PLACES + 2, 0 );
+
+                                if ( t.times(t).eq(x) ) {
+                                    r = t;
+                                    break;
+                                }
+                            }
+
+                            dp += 4;
+                            s += 4;
+                            rep = 1;
+                        } else {
+
+                            // If rounding digits are null, 0{0,4} or 50{0,3}, check for exact
+                            // result. If not, then there are further digits and m will be truthy.
+                            if ( !+n || !+n.slice(1) && n.charAt(0) == '5' ) {
+
+                                // Truncate to the first rounding digit.
+                                round( r, r.e + DECIMAL_PLACES + 2, 1 );
+                                m = !r.times(r).eq(x);
+                            }
+
+                            break;
+                        }
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+
+            return round( r, r.e + DECIMAL_PLACES + 1, ROUNDING_MODE, m );
+        };
+
+
+        /*
+         *  n * 0 = 0
+         *  n * N = N
+         *  n * I = I
+         *  0 * n = 0
+         *  0 * 0 = 0
+         *  0 * N = N
+         *  0 * I = N
+         *  N * n = N
+         *  N * 0 = N
+         *  N * N = N
+         *  N * I = N
+         *  I * n = I
+         *  I * 0 = N
+         *  I * N = N
+         *  I * I = I
+         *
+         * Return a new BigNumber whose value is the value of this BigNumber times the value of
+         * BigNumber(y, b).
+         */
+        P.times = P.mul = function ( y, b ) {
+            var c, e, i, j, k, m, xcL, xlo, xhi, ycL, ylo, yhi, zc,
+                base, sqrtBase,
+                x = this,
+                xc = x.c,
+                yc = ( id = 17, y = new BigNumber( y, b ) ).c;
+
+            // Either NaN, ±Infinity or ±0?
+            if ( !xc || !yc || !xc[0] || !yc[0] ) {
+
+                // Return NaN if either is NaN, or one is 0 and the other is Infinity.
+                if ( !x.s || !y.s || xc && !xc[0] && !yc || yc && !yc[0] && !xc ) {
+                    y.c = y.e = y.s = null;
+                } else {
+                    y.s *= x.s;
+
+                    // Return ±Infinity if either is ±Infinity.
+                    if ( !xc || !yc ) {
+                        y.c = y.e = null;
+
+                    // Return ±0 if either is ±0.
+                    } else {
+                        y.c = [0];
+                        y.e = 0;
+                    }
+                }
+
+                return y;
+            }
+
+            e = bitFloor( x.e / LOG_BASE ) + bitFloor( y.e / LOG_BASE );
+            y.s *= x.s;
+            xcL = xc.length;
+            ycL = yc.length;
+
+            // Ensure xc points to longer array and xcL to its length.
+            if ( xcL < ycL ) zc = xc, xc = yc, yc = zc, i = xcL, xcL = ycL, ycL = i;
+
+            // Initialise the result array with zeros.
+            for ( i = xcL + ycL, zc = []; i--; zc.push(0) );
+
+            base = BASE;
+            sqrtBase = SQRT_BASE;
+
+            for ( i = ycL; --i >= 0; ) {
+                c = 0;
+                ylo = yc[i] % sqrtBase;
+                yhi = yc[i] / sqrtBase | 0;
+
+                for ( k = xcL, j = i + k; j > i; ) {
+                    xlo = xc[--k] % sqrtBase;
+                    xhi = xc[k] / sqrtBase | 0;
+                    m = yhi * xlo + xhi * ylo;
+                    xlo = ylo * xlo + ( ( m % sqrtBase ) * sqrtBase ) + zc[j] + c;
+                    c = ( xlo / base | 0 ) + ( m / sqrtBase | 0 ) + yhi * xhi;
+                    zc[j--] = xlo % base;
+                }
+
+                zc[j] = c;
+            }
+
+            if (c) {
+                ++e;
+            } else {
+                zc.shift();
+            }
+
+            return normalise( y, zc, e );
+        };
+
+
+        /*
+         * Return a new BigNumber whose value is the value of this BigNumber rounded to a maximum of
+         * sd significant digits using rounding mode rm, or ROUNDING_MODE if rm is omitted.
+         *
+         * [sd] {number} Significant digits. Integer, 1 to MAX inclusive.
+         * [rm] {number} Rounding mode. Integer, 0 to 8 inclusive.
+         *
+         * 'toDigits() precision out of range: {sd}'
+         * 'toDigits() precision not an integer: {sd}'
+         * 'toDigits() rounding mode not an integer: {rm}'
+         * 'toDigits() rounding mode out of range: {rm}'
+         */
+        P.toDigits = function ( sd, rm ) {
+            var n = new BigNumber(this);
+            sd = sd == null || !isValidInt( sd, 1, MAX, 18, 'precision' ) ? null : sd | 0;
+            rm = rm == null || !isValidInt( rm, 0, 8, 18, roundingMode ) ? ROUNDING_MODE : rm | 0;
+            return sd ? round( n, sd, rm ) : n;
+        };
+
+
+        /*
+         * Return a string representing the value of this BigNumber in exponential notation and
+         * rounded using ROUNDING_MODE to dp fixed decimal places.
+         *
+         * [dp] {number} Decimal places. Integer, 0 to MAX inclusive.
+         * [rm] {number} Rounding mode. Integer, 0 to 8 inclusive.
+         *
+         * 'toExponential() decimal places not an integer: {dp}'
+         * 'toExponential() decimal places out of range: {dp}'
+         * 'toExponential() rounding mode not an integer: {rm}'
+         * 'toExponential() rounding mode out of range: {rm}'
+         */
+        P.toExponential = function ( dp, rm ) {
+            return format( this,
+              dp != null && isValidInt( dp, 0, MAX, 19 ) ? ~~dp + 1 : null, rm, 19 );
+        };
+
+
+        /*
+         * Return a string representing the value of this BigNumber in fixed-point notation rounding
+         * to dp fixed decimal places using rounding mode rm, or ROUNDING_MODE if rm is omitted.
+         *
+         * Note: as with JavaScript's number type, (-0).toFixed(0) is '0',
+         * but e.g. (-0.00001).toFixed(0) is '-0'.
+         *
+         * [dp] {number} Decimal places. Integer, 0 to MAX inclusive.
+         * [rm] {number} Rounding mode. Integer, 0 to 8 inclusive.
+         *
+         * 'toFixed() decimal places not an integer: {dp}'
+         * 'toFixed() decimal places out of range: {dp}'
+         * 'toFixed() rounding mode not an integer: {rm}'
+         * 'toFixed() rounding mode out of range: {rm}'
+         */
+        P.toFixed = function ( dp, rm ) {
+            return format( this, dp != null && isValidInt( dp, 0, MAX, 20 )
+              ? ~~dp + this.e + 1 : null, rm, 20 );
+        };
+
+
+        /*
+         * Return a string representing the value of this BigNumber in fixed-point notation rounded
+         * using rm or ROUNDING_MODE to dp decimal places, and formatted according to the properties
+         * of the FORMAT object (see BigNumber.config).
+         *
+         * FORMAT = {
+         *      decimalSeparator : '.',
+         *      groupSeparator : ',',
+         *      groupSize : 3,
+         *      secondaryGroupSize : 0,
+         *      fractionGroupSeparator : '\xA0',    // non-breaking space
+         *      fractionGroupSize : 0
+         * };
+         *
+         * [dp] {number} Decimal places. Integer, 0 to MAX inclusive.
+         * [rm] {number} Rounding mode. Integer, 0 to 8 inclusive.
+         *
+         * 'toFormat() decimal places not an integer: {dp}'
+         * 'toFormat() decimal places out of range: {dp}'
+         * 'toFormat() rounding mode not an integer: {rm}'
+         * 'toFormat() rounding mode out of range: {rm}'
+         */
+        P.toFormat = function ( dp, rm ) {
+            var str = format( this, dp != null && isValidInt( dp, 0, MAX, 21 )
+              ? ~~dp + this.e + 1 : null, rm, 21 );
+
+            if ( this.c ) {
+                var i,
+                    arr = str.split('.'),
+                    g1 = +FORMAT.groupSize,
+                    g2 = +FORMAT.secondaryGroupSize,
+                    groupSeparator = FORMAT.groupSeparator,
+                    intPart = arr[0],
+                    fractionPart = arr[1],
+                    isNeg = this.s < 0,
+                    intDigits = isNeg ? intPart.slice(1) : intPart,
+                    len = intDigits.length;
+
+                if (g2) i = g1, g1 = g2, g2 = i, len -= i;
+
+                if ( g1 > 0 && len > 0 ) {
+                    i = len % g1 || g1;
+                    intPart = intDigits.substr( 0, i );
+
+                    for ( ; i < len; i += g1 ) {
+                        intPart += groupSeparator + intDigits.substr( i, g1 );
+                    }
+
+                    if ( g2 > 0 ) intPart += groupSeparator + intDigits.slice(i);
+                    if (isNeg) intPart = '-' + intPart;
+                }
+
+                str = fractionPart
+                  ? intPart + FORMAT.decimalSeparator + ( ( g2 = +FORMAT.fractionGroupSize )
+                    ? fractionPart.replace( new RegExp( '\\d{' + g2 + '}\\B', 'g' ),
+                      '$&' + FORMAT.fractionGroupSeparator )
+                    : fractionPart )
+                  : intPart;
+            }
+
+            return str;
+        };
+
+
+        /*
+         * Return a string array representing the value of this BigNumber as a simple fraction with
+         * an integer numerator and an integer denominator. The denominator will be a positive
+         * non-zero value less than or equal to the specified maximum denominator. If a maximum
+         * denominator is not specified, the denominator will be the lowest value necessary to
+         * represent the number exactly.
+         *
+         * [md] {number|string|BigNumber} Integer >= 1 and < Infinity. The maximum denominator.
+         *
+         * 'toFraction() max denominator not an integer: {md}'
+         * 'toFraction() max denominator out of range: {md}'
+         */
+        P.toFraction = function (md) {
+            var arr, d0, d2, e, exp, n, n0, q, s,
+                k = ERRORS,
+                x = this,
+                xc = x.c,
+                d = new BigNumber(ONE),
+                n1 = d0 = new BigNumber(ONE),
+                d1 = n0 = new BigNumber(ONE);
+
+            if ( md != null ) {
+                ERRORS = false;
+                n = new BigNumber(md);
+                ERRORS = k;
+
+                if ( !( k = n.isInt() ) || n.lt(ONE) ) {
+
+                    if (ERRORS) {
+                        raise( 22,
+                          'max denominator ' + ( k ? 'out of range' : 'not an integer' ), md );
+                    }
+
+                    // ERRORS is false:
+                    // If md is a finite non-integer >= 1, round it to an integer and use it.
+                    md = !k && n.c && round( n, n.e + 1, 1 ).gte(ONE) ? n : null;
+                }
+            }
+
+            if ( !xc ) return x.toString();
+            s = coeffToString(xc);
+
+            // Determine initial denominator.
+            // d is a power of 10 and the minimum max denominator that specifies the value exactly.
+            e = d.e = s.length - x.e - 1;
+            d.c[0] = POWS_TEN[ ( exp = e % LOG_BASE ) < 0 ? LOG_BASE + exp : exp ];
+            md = !md || n.cmp(d) > 0 ? ( e > 0 ? d : n1 ) : n;
+
+            exp = MAX_EXP;
+            MAX_EXP = 1 / 0;
+            n = new BigNumber(s);
+
+            // n0 = d1 = 0
+            n0.c[0] = 0;
+
+            for ( ; ; )  {
+                q = div( n, d, 0, 1 );
+                d2 = d0.plus( q.times(d1) );
+                if ( d2.cmp(md) == 1 ) break;
+                d0 = d1;
+                d1 = d2;
+                n1 = n0.plus( q.times( d2 = n1 ) );
+                n0 = d2;
+                d = n.minus( q.times( d2 = d ) );
+                n = d2;
+            }
+
+            d2 = div( md.minus(d0), d1, 0, 1 );
+            n0 = n0.plus( d2.times(n1) );
+            d0 = d0.plus( d2.times(d1) );
+            n0.s = n1.s = x.s;
+            e *= 2;
+
+            // Determine which fraction is closer to x, n0/d0 or n1/d1
+            arr = div( n1, d1, e, ROUNDING_MODE ).minus(x).abs().cmp(
+                  div( n0, d0, e, ROUNDING_MODE ).minus(x).abs() ) < 1
+                    ? [ n1.toString(), d1.toString() ]
+                    : [ n0.toString(), d0.toString() ];
+
+            MAX_EXP = exp;
+            return arr;
+        };
+
+
+        /*
+         * Return the value of this BigNumber converted to a number primitive.
+         */
+        P.toNumber = function () {
+            var x = this;
+
+            // Ensure zero has correct sign.
+            return +x || ( x.s ? x.s * 0 : NaN );
+        };
+
+
+        /*
+         * Return a BigNumber whose value is the value of this BigNumber raised to the power n.
+         * If n is negative round according to DECIMAL_PLACES and ROUNDING_MODE.
+         * If POW_PRECISION is not 0, round to POW_PRECISION using ROUNDING_MODE.
+         *
+         * n {number} Integer, -9007199254740992 to 9007199254740992 inclusive.
+         * (Performs 54 loop iterations for n of 9007199254740992.)
+         *
+         * 'pow() exponent not an integer: {n}'
+         * 'pow() exponent out of range: {n}'
+         */
+        P.toPower = P.pow = function (n) {
+            var k, y,
+                i = mathfloor( n < 0 ? -n : +n ),
+                x = this;
+
+            // Pass ±Infinity to Math.pow if exponent is out of range.
+            if ( !isValidInt( n, -MAX_SAFE_INTEGER, MAX_SAFE_INTEGER, 23, 'exponent' ) &&
+              ( !isFinite(n) || i > MAX_SAFE_INTEGER && ( n /= 0 ) ||
+                parseFloat(n) != n && !( n = NaN ) ) ) {
+                return new BigNumber( Math.pow( +x, n ) );
+            }
+
+            // Truncating each coefficient array to a length of k after each multiplication equates
+            // to truncating significant digits to POW_PRECISION + [28, 41], i.e. there will be a
+            // minimum of 28 guard digits retained. (Using + 1.5 would give [9, 21] guard digits.)
+            k = POW_PRECISION ? mathceil( POW_PRECISION / LOG_BASE + 2 ) : 0;
+            y = new BigNumber(ONE);
+
+            for ( ; ; ) {
+
+                if ( i % 2 ) {
+                    y = y.times(x);
+                    if ( !y.c ) break;
+                    if ( k && y.c.length > k ) y.c.length = k;
+                }
+
+                i = mathfloor( i / 2 );
+                if ( !i ) break;
+
+                x = x.times(x);
+                if ( k && x.c && x.c.length > k ) x.c.length = k;
+            }
+
+            if ( n < 0 ) y = ONE.div(y);
+            return k ? round( y, POW_PRECISION, ROUNDING_MODE ) : y;
+        };
+
+
+        /*
+         * Return a string representing the value of this BigNumber rounded to sd significant digits
+         * using rounding mode rm or ROUNDING_MODE. If sd is less than the number of digits
+         * necessary to represent the integer part of the value in fixed-point notation, then use
+         * exponential notation.
+         *
+         * [sd] {number} Significant digits. Integer, 1 to MAX inclusive.
+         * [rm] {number} Rounding mode. Integer, 0 to 8 inclusive.
+         *
+         * 'toPrecision() precision not an integer: {sd}'
+         * 'toPrecision() precision out of range: {sd}'
+         * 'toPrecision() rounding mode not an integer: {rm}'
+         * 'toPrecision() rounding mode out of range: {rm}'
+         */
+        P.toPrecision = function ( sd, rm ) {
+            return format( this, sd != null && isValidInt( sd, 1, MAX, 24, 'precision' )
+              ? sd | 0 : null, rm, 24 );
+        };
+
+
+        /*
+         * Return a string representing the value of this BigNumber in base b, or base 10 if b is
+         * omitted. If a base is specified, including base 10, round according to DECIMAL_PLACES and
+         * ROUNDING_MODE. If a base is not specified, and this BigNumber has a positive exponent
+         * that is equal to or greater than TO_EXP_POS, or a negative exponent equal to or less than
+         * TO_EXP_NEG, return exponential notation.
+         *
+         * [b] {number} Integer, 2 to 64 inclusive.
+         *
+         * 'toString() base not an integer: {b}'
+         * 'toString() base out of range: {b}'
+         */
+        P.toString = function (b) {
+            var str,
+                n = this,
+                s = n.s,
+                e = n.e;
+
+            // Infinity or NaN?
+            if ( e === null ) {
+
+                if (s) {
+                    str = 'Infinity';
+                    if ( s < 0 ) str = '-' + str;
+                } else {
+                    str = 'NaN';
+                }
+            } else {
+                str = coeffToString( n.c );
+
+                if ( b == null || !isValidInt( b, 2, 64, 25, 'base' ) ) {
+                    str = e <= TO_EXP_NEG || e >= TO_EXP_POS
+                      ? toExponential( str, e )
+                      : toFixedPoint( str, e );
+                } else {
+                    str = convertBase( toFixedPoint( str, e ), b | 0, 10, s );
+                }
+
+                if ( s < 0 && n.c[0] ) str = '-' + str;
+            }
+
+            return str;
+        };
+
+
+        /*
+         * Return a new BigNumber whose value is the value of this BigNumber truncated to a whole
+         * number.
+         */
+        P.truncated = P.trunc = function () {
+            return round( new BigNumber(this), this.e + 1, 1 );
+        };
+
+
+
+        /*
+         * Return as toString, but do not accept a base argument.
+         */
+        P.valueOf = P.toJSON = function () {
+            return this.toString();
+        };
+
+
+        // Aliases for BigDecimal methods.
+        //P.add = P.plus;         // P.add included above
+        //P.subtract = P.minus;   // P.sub included above
+        //P.multiply = P.times;   // P.mul included above
+        //P.divide = P.div;
+        //P.remainder = P.mod;
+        //P.compareTo = P.cmp;
+        //P.negate = P.neg;
+
+
+        if ( configObj != null ) BigNumber.config(configObj);
+
+        return BigNumber;
+    }
+
+
+    // PRIVATE HELPER FUNCTIONS
+
+
+    function bitFloor(n) {
+        var i = n | 0;
+        return n > 0 || n === i ? i : i - 1;
+    }
+
+
+    // Return a coefficient array as a string of base 10 digits.
+    function coeffToString(a) {
+        var s, z,
+            i = 1,
+            j = a.length,
+            r = a[0] + '';
+
+        for ( ; i < j; ) {
+            s = a[i++] + '';
+            z = LOG_BASE - s.length;
+            for ( ; z--; s = '0' + s );
+            r += s;
+        }
+
+        // Determine trailing zeros.
+        for ( j = r.length; r.charCodeAt(--j) === 48; );
+        return r.slice( 0, j + 1 || 1 );
+    }
+
+
+    // Compare the value of BigNumbers x and y.
+    function compare( x, y ) {
+        var a, b,
+            xc = x.c,
+            yc = y.c,
+            i = x.s,
+            j = y.s,
+            k = x.e,
+            l = y.e;
+
+        // Either NaN?
+        if ( !i || !j ) return null;
+
+        a = xc && !xc[0];
+        b = yc && !yc[0];
+
+        // Either zero?
+        if ( a || b ) return a ? b ? 0 : -j : i;
+
+        // Signs differ?
+        if ( i != j ) return i;
+
+        a = i < 0;
+        b = k == l;
+
+        // Either Infinity?
+        if ( !xc || !yc ) return b ? 0 : !xc ^ a ? 1 : -1;
+
+        // Compare exponents.
+        if ( !b ) return k > l ^ a ? 1 : -1;
+
+        j = ( k = xc.length ) < ( l = yc.length ) ? k : l;
+
+        // Compare digit by digit.
+        for ( i = 0; i < j; i++ ) if ( xc[i] != yc[i] ) return xc[i] > yc[i] ^ a ? 1 : -1;
+
+        // Compare lengths.
+        return k == l ? 0 : k > l ^ a ? 1 : -1;
+    }
+
+
+    /*
+     * Return true if n is a valid number in range, otherwise false.
+     * Use for argument validation when ERRORS is false.
+     * Note: parseInt('1e+1') == 1 but parseFloat('1e+1') == 10.
+     */
+    function intValidatorNoErrors( n, min, max ) {
+        return ( n = truncate(n) ) >= min && n <= max;
+    }
+
+
+    function isArray(obj) {
+        return Object.prototype.toString.call(obj) == '[object Array]';
+    }
+
+
+    /*
+     * Convert string of baseIn to an array of numbers of baseOut.
+     * Eg. convertBase('255', 10, 16) returns [15, 15].
+     * Eg. convertBase('ff', 16, 10) returns [2, 5, 5].
+     */
+    function toBaseOut( str, baseIn, baseOut ) {
+        var j,
+            arr = [0],
+            arrL,
+            i = 0,
+            len = str.length;
+
+        for ( ; i < len; ) {
+            for ( arrL = arr.length; arrL--; arr[arrL] *= baseIn );
+            arr[ j = 0 ] += ALPHABET.indexOf( str.charAt( i++ ) );
+
+            for ( ; j < arr.length; j++ ) {
+
+                if ( arr[j] > baseOut - 1 ) {
+                    if ( arr[j + 1] == null ) arr[j + 1] = 0;
+                    arr[j + 1] += arr[j] / baseOut | 0;
+                    arr[j] %= baseOut;
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
+        return arr.reverse();
+    }
+
+
+    function toExponential( str, e ) {
+        return ( str.length > 1 ? str.charAt(0) + '.' + str.slice(1) : str ) +
+          ( e < 0 ? 'e' : 'e+' ) + e;
+    }
+
+
+    function toFixedPoint( str, e ) {
+        var len, z;
+
+        // Negative exponent?
+        if ( e < 0 ) {
+
+            // Prepend zeros.
+            for ( z = '0.'; ++e; z += '0' );
+            str = z + str;
+
+        // Positive exponent
+        } else {
+            len = str.length;
+
+            // Append zeros.
+            if ( ++e > len ) {
+                for ( z = '0', e -= len; --e; z += '0' );
+                str += z;
+            } else if ( e < len ) {
+                str = str.slice( 0, e ) + '.' + str.slice(e);
+            }
+        }
+
+        return str;
+    }
+
+
+    function truncate(n) {
+        n = parseFloat(n);
+        return n < 0 ? mathceil(n) : mathfloor(n);
+    }
+
+
+    // EXPORT
+
+
+    BigNumber = another();
+
+    // AMD.
+    if ( typeof define == 'function' && define.amd ) {
+        define( function () { return BigNumber; } );
+
+    // Node and other environments that support module.exports.
+    } else if ( typeof module != 'undefined' && module.exports ) {
+        module.exports = BigNumber;
+        if ( !crypto ) try { crypto = require('crypto'); } catch (e) {}
+
+    // Browser.
+    } else {
+        global.BigNumber = BigNumber;
+    }
+})(this);
+
+},{"crypto":1}],"natspec":[function(require,module,exports){
+/*
+    This file is part of natspec.js.
+
+    natspec.js is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+    it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+    the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+    (at your option) any later version.
+
+    natspec.js is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+    but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+    MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the
+    GNU Lesser General Public License for more details.
+
+    You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+    along with natspec.js.  If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+*/
+/** @file natspec.js
+ * @authors:
+ *   Marek Kotewicz <marek@ethdev.com>
+ * @date 2015
+ */
+
+var abi = require('./node_modules/web3/lib/solidity/abi.js'); 
+
+/**
+ * This object should be used to evaluate natspec expression
+ * It has one method evaluateExpression which shoul be used
+ */
+var natspec = (function () {
+    /**
+     * Helper method
+     * Should be called to copy values from object to global context
+     *
+     * @method copyToContext
+     * @param {Object} object from which we want to copy properties
+     * @param {Object} object to which we copy
+     */
+    var copyToContext = function (obj, context) {
+        Object.keys(obj).forEach(function (key) {
+            context[key] = obj[key];
+        });
+    }
+    
+    /**
+     *  Should be used to generate codes, which will be evaluated
+     *
+     *  @method generateCode
+     *  @param {Object} object from which code will be generated
+     *  @return {String} javascript code which is used to initalized variables
+     */
+    var generateCode = function (obj) {
+        return Object.keys(obj).reduce(function (acc, key) {
+            return acc + "var " + key + " = context['" + key + "'];\n";
+        }, "");
+    };
+
+    /**
+     * Helper method
+     * Should be called to get method with given name from the abi
+     *
+     * @method getMethodWithName
+     * @param {Array} contract's abi
+     * @param {String} name of the method that we are looking for
+     * @return {Object} abi for method with name
+     */
+    var getMethodWithName = function(abi, name) {
+        return abi.filter(function (method) {
+            return method.name === name;
+        })[0];
+    };
+
+    /**
+     * Should be used to get all contract method input variables
+     *
+     * @method getMethodInputParams
+     * @param {Object} abi for certain method
+     * @param {Object} transaction object
+     * @return {Object} object with all contract's method input variables
+     */
+    var getMethodInputParams = function (method, transaction) {
+        // do it with output formatter (cause we have to decode)
+        var params = abi.formatOutput(method.inputs, '0x' + transaction.params[0].data.slice(10)); 
+
+        return method.inputs.reduce(function (acc, current, index) {
+            acc[current.name] = params[index];
+            return acc;
+        }, {});
+    };
+    
+    /**
+     * Should be called when we want to evaluate natspec expression
+     * Replaces all natspec 'subexpressions' with evaluated value
+     *
+     * @method mapExpressionToEvaluate
+     * @param {String} expression to evaluate
+     * @param {Function} callback which is called to evaluate te expression
+     * @return {String} evaluated expression
+     */
+    var mapExpressionsToEvaluate = function (expression, cb) {
+        var evaluatedExpression = "";
+
+        // match everything in quotes
+        var pattern = /\` + "`" + `(?:\\.|[^` + "`" + `\\])*\` + "`" + `/gim
+        var match;
+        var lastIndex = 0;
+        try {
+            while ((match = pattern.exec(expression)) !== null) {
+                var startIndex = pattern.lastIndex - match[0].length;
+                var toEval = match[0].slice(1, match[0].length - 1);
+                evaluatedExpression += expression.slice(lastIndex, startIndex);
+                var evaluatedPart = cb(toEval);
+                evaluatedExpression += evaluatedPart;
+                lastIndex = pattern.lastIndex;
+            }
+            
+            evaluatedExpression += expression.slice(lastIndex);
+        }
+        catch (err) {
+            throw new Error("Natspec evaluation failed, wrong input params");
+        }
+    
+        return evaluatedExpression;
+    };
+
+    /** 
+     * Should be called to evaluate single expression
+     * Is internally using javascript's 'eval' method
+     *
+     * @method evaluateExpression
+     * @param {String} expression which should be evaluated
+     * @param {Object} [call] object containing contract abi, transaction, called method
+     * @return {String} evaluated expression
+     * @throws exception if method is not found or we are trying to evaluate input params that does not exists
+     */
+	
+	var utils = require('../utils/utils');
+	
+    var evaluateExpression = function (expression, call) {
+        //var self = this;
+        var context = {};
+        
+        if (!!call) {
+            try {
+                var method = getMethodWithName(call.abi, call.method);
+                var params = getMethodInputParams(method, call.transaction); 
+                copyToContext(params, context);
+            }
+            catch (err) {
+                throw new Error("Natspec evaluation failed, method does not exist");
+            }
+        }
+
+        var code = generateCode(context);
+
+        var evaluatedExpression = mapExpressionsToEvaluate(expression, function (toEval) {
+            //var fn = new Function("context", "toHex", code + "return " + toEval + ";");
+            //return fn(context, toHex).toString();
+            var fn = new Function("context", "utils", code + "return " + toEval + ";");
+            return fn(context, utils).toString();
+        });
+
+        return evaluatedExpression;
+    };
+
+    /** 
+     * Safe version of evaluateExpression
+     * Instead of throwing an exception it returns it as a string 
+     *
+     * @method evaluateExpressionSafe
+     * @param {String} expression which should be evaluated
+     * @param {Object} [call] object containing contract abi, transaction, called method
+     * @return {String} evaluated expression
+     */
+    var evaluateExpressionSafe = function (expression, call) {
+        try {
+            return evaluateExpression(expression, call);    
+        }
+        catch (err) {
+            return err.message;
+        }
+    };
+
+    return {
+        evaluateExpression: evaluateExpression,
+        evaluateExpressionSafe: evaluateExpressionSafe
+    };
+
+})();
+
+module.exports = natspec; 
+
+
+},{"./node_modules/web3/lib/solidity/abi.js":2,"../utils/utils":7}]},{},[]);
+`
+
 //# sourceMappingURL=natspec.js.map`
diff --git a/common/natspec/natspec_test.go b/common/natspec/natspec_test.go
index 3b548817b..35a59469a 100644
--- a/common/natspec/natspec_test.go
+++ b/common/natspec/natspec_test.go
@@ -4,87 +4,141 @@ import (
 	"testing"
 )
 
-func TestNotice(t *testing.T) {
+func makeUserdoc(desc string) []byte {
+	return []byte(`
+{
+  "source": "...",
+  "language": "Solidity",
+  "languageVersion": 1,
+  "methods": {
+    "multiply(uint256)": {
+      "notice":  "` + desc + `"
+    },
+    "balance(address)": {
+      "notice": "` + "`(balanceInmGAV / 1000).fixed(0,3)`" + ` GAV is the total funds available to ` + "`who.address()`." + `"
+    }
+  },
+  "invariants": [
+    { "notice": "The sum total amount of GAV in the system is 1 million." }
+  ],
+  "construction": [
+    { "notice": "Endows ` + "`message.caller.address()`" + ` with 1m GAV." }
+  ]
+}
+`)
+}
 
-	tx := `
-	{
-    "jsonrpc": "2.0",
-    "method": "eth_call",
-    "params": [{
-        "to": "0x8521742d3f456bd237e312d6e30724960f72517a",
-        "data": "0xc6888fa1000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000007a"
-    }],
-    "id": 6
-  }
-	`
-
-	abi := `
-	[{
-    "name": "multiply",
-    "constant": false,
-    "type": "function",
-    "inputs": [{
-      "name": "a",
-      "type": "uint256"
-    }],
-    "outputs": [{
-      "name": "d",
-      "type": "uint256"
-    }]
+var data = "0xc6888fa1000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000007a"
+
+var tx = `
+{
+  "jsonrpc": "2.0",
+  "method": "eth_call",
+  "params": [{
+      "to": "0x8521742d3f456bd237e312d6e30724960f72517a",
+      "data": "0xc6888fa1000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000007a"
+  }],
+  "id": 6
+}
+`
+
+var abi = []byte(`
+[{
+  "name": "multiply",
+  "constant": false,
+  "type": "function",
+  "inputs": [{
+    "name": "a",
+    "type": "uint256"
+  }],
+  "outputs": [{
+    "name": "d",
+    "type": "uint256"
   }]
-	`
+}]
+`)
+
+func TestNotice(t *testing.T) {
 
 	desc := "Will multiply `a` by 7 and return `a * 7`."
+	expected := "Will multiply 122 by 7 and return 854."
 
-	method := "multiply"
+	userdoc := makeUserdoc(desc)
 
-	ns, err := New()
+	ns, err := NewWithDocs(abi, userdoc, tx)
 	if err != nil {
-		t.Errorf("NewNATSpec error %v", err)
+		t.Errorf("New: error: %v", err)
 	}
 
-	notice, err := ns.Notice(tx, abi, method, desc)
+	notice, err := ns.Notice()
 
 	if err != nil {
-		t.Errorf("expected no error got %v", err)
+		t.Errorf("expected no error, got %v", err)
 	}
 
-	expected := "Will multiply 122 by 7 and return 854."
 	if notice != expected {
 		t.Errorf("incorrect notice. expected %v, got %v", expected, notice)
 	} else {
 		t.Logf("returned notice \"%v\"", notice)
 	}
+}
+
+// test missing method
+func TestMissingMethod(t *testing.T) {
 
-	notice, err = ns.Notice(tx, abi, method, "Will multiply 122 by \"7\" and return 854.")
+	desc := "Will multiply `a` by 7 and return `a * 7`."
+	userdoc := makeUserdoc(desc)
+	expected := "natspec.js error evaluating expression: Natspec evaluation failed, method does not exist"
+
+	ns, err := NewWithDocs(abi, userdoc, tx)
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Errorf("New: error: %v", err)
+	}
 
-	expected = "natspec.js error setting expression: (anonymous): Line 1:41 Unexpected number"
+	notice, err := ns.noticeForMethod(tx, "missing_method", "")
 
 	if err == nil {
-		t.Errorf("expected error, got nothing (notice: '%v')", err, notice)
+		t.Errorf("expected error, got nothing (notice: '%v')", notice)
 	} else {
 		if err.Error() != expected {
 			t.Errorf("expected error '%s' got '%v' (notice: '%v')", expected, err, notice)
 		}
 	}
+}
+
+// test invalid desc
 
-	// https://github.com/ethereum/natspec.js/issues/1
-	badDesc := "Will multiply `e` by 7 and return `a * 7`."
-	notice, err = ns.Notice(tx, abi, method, badDesc)
+func TestInvalidDesc(t *testing.T) {
 
-	expected = "natspec.js error evaluating expression: Natspec evaluation failed, wrong input params"
+	desc := "Will multiply 122 by \"7\" and return 854."
+	expected := "invalid character '7' after object key:value pair"
 
+	userdoc := makeUserdoc(desc)
+
+	_, err := NewWithDocs(abi, userdoc, tx)
 	if err == nil {
-		t.Errorf("expected error, got nothing (notice: '%v')", notice)
+		t.Errorf("expected error, got nothing", err)
 	} else {
 		if err.Error() != expected {
-			t.Errorf("expected error '%s' got '%v' (notice: '%v')", expected, err, notice)
+			t.Errorf("expected error '%s' got '%v'", expected, err)
 		}
 	}
+}
+
+// test wrong input params
+func TestWrongInputParams(t *testing.T) {
+
+	desc := "Will multiply `e` by 7 and return `a * 7`."
+	expected := "natspec.js error evaluating expression: Natspec evaluation failed, wrong input params"
 
-	notice, err = ns.Notice(tx, abi, "missing_method", desc)
+	userdoc := makeUserdoc(desc)
+
+	ns, err := NewWithDocs(abi, userdoc, tx)
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Errorf("New: error: %v", err)
+	}
 
-	expected = "natspec.js error evaluating expression: Natspec evaluation failed, method does not exist"
+	notice, err := ns.Notice()
 
 	if err == nil {
 		t.Errorf("expected error, got nothing (notice: '%v')", notice)
diff --git a/common/resolver/contracts.go b/common/resolver/contracts.go
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..4aad95e43
--- /dev/null
+++ b/common/resolver/contracts.go
@@ -0,0 +1,36 @@
+package resolver
+
+const ( // built-in contracts address and code
+	ContractCodeURLhint = "0x60c180600c6000396000f30060003560e060020a90048063300a3bbf14601557005b6024600435602435604435602a565b60006000f35b6000600084815260200190815260200160002054600160a060020a0316600014806078575033600160a060020a03166000600085815260200190815260200160002054600160a060020a0316145b607f5760bc565b336000600085815260200190815260200160002081905550806001600085815260200190815260200160002083610100811060b657005b01819055505b50505056"
+	/*
+		contract URLhint {
+			function register(uint256 _hash, uint8 idx, uint256 _url) {
+				if (owner[_hash] == 0 || owner[_hash] == msg.sender) {
+					owner[_hash] = msg.sender;
+					url[_hash][idx] = _url;
+				}
+			}
+			mapping (uint256 => address) owner;
+			mapping (uint256 => uint256[256]) url;
+		}
+	*/
+
+	ContractCodeHashReg = "0x609880600c6000396000f30060003560e060020a9004806331e12c2014601f578063d66d6c1014602b57005b6025603d565b60006000f35b6037600435602435605d565b60006000f35b600054600160a060020a0316600014605357605b565b336000819055505b565b600054600160a060020a031633600160a060020a031614607b576094565b8060016000848152602001908152602001600020819055505b505056"
+	/*
+		   contract HashReg {
+			function setowner() {
+				if (owner == 0) {
+					owner = msg.sender;
+				}
+			}
+		   	function register(uint256 _key, uint256 _content) {
+				if (msg.sender == owner) {
+		   			content[_key] = _content;
+				}
+		   	}
+			address owner;
+		   	mapping (uint256 => uint256) content;
+		   }
+	*/
+
+)
diff --git a/common/resolver/resolver.go b/common/resolver/resolver.go
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..1e6d03ffb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/common/resolver/resolver.go
@@ -0,0 +1,128 @@
+package resolver
+
+import (
+	"encoding/binary"
+	"fmt"
+
+	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/common"
+	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/crypto"
+	xe "github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/xeth"
+)
+
+/*
+Resolver implements the Ethereum DNS mapping
+HashReg : Key Hash (hash of domain name or contract code) -> Content Hash
+UrlHint : Content Hash -> Url Hint
+
+The resolver is meant to be called by the roundtripper transport implementation
+of a url scheme
+*/
+
+// contract addresses will be hardcoded after they're created
+var URLHintContractAddress string = "0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000001234"
+var HashRegContractAddress string = "0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000005678"
+
+func CreateContracts(xeth *xe.XEth, addr string) {
+	var err error
+	URLHintContractAddress, err = xeth.Transact(addr, "", "100000000000", "1000000", "100000", ContractCodeURLhint)
+	if err != nil {
+		panic(err)
+	}
+	HashRegContractAddress, err = xeth.Transact(addr, "", "100000000000", "1000000", "100000", ContractCodeHashReg)
+	if err != nil {
+		panic(err)
+	}
+}
+
+type Resolver struct {
+	backend                Backend
+	urlHintContractAddress string
+	hashRegContractAddress string
+}
+
+type Backend interface {
+	StorageAt(string, string) string
+}
+
+func New(eth Backend, uhca, nrca string) *Resolver {
+	return &Resolver{eth, uhca, nrca}
+}
+
+func (self *Resolver) KeyToContentHash(khash common.Hash) (chash common.Hash, err error) {
+	// look up in hashReg
+	key := storageAddress(storageMapping(storageIdx2Addr(1), khash[:]))
+	hash := self.backend.StorageAt(self.hashRegContractAddress, key)
+
+	if hash == "0x0" || len(hash) < 3 {
+		err = fmt.Errorf("GetHashReg: content hash not found")
+		return
+	}
+
+	copy(chash[:], common.Hex2BytesFixed(hash[2:], 32))
+	return
+}
+
+func (self *Resolver) ContentHashToUrl(chash common.Hash) (uri string, err error) {
+	// look up in URL reg
+	var str string = " "
+	var idx uint32
+	for len(str) > 0 {
+		mapaddr := storageMapping(storageIdx2Addr(1), chash[:])
+		key := storageAddress(storageFixedArray(mapaddr, storageIdx2Addr(idx)))
+		hex := self.backend.StorageAt(self.urlHintContractAddress, key)
+		str = string(common.Hex2Bytes(hex[2:]))
+		l := len(str)
+		for (l > 0) && (str[l-1] == 0) {
+			l--
+		}
+		str = str[:l]
+		uri = uri + str
+		idx++
+	}
+
+	if len(uri) == 0 {
+		err = fmt.Errorf("GetURLhint: URL hint not found")
+	}
+	return
+}
+
+func (self *Resolver) KeyToUrl(key common.Hash) (uri string, hash common.Hash, err error) {
+	// look up in urlHint
+	hash, err = self.KeyToContentHash(key)
+	if err != nil {
+		return
+	}
+	uri, err = self.ContentHashToUrl(hash)
+	return
+}
+
+func storageIdx2Addr(varidx uint32) []byte {
+	data := make([]byte, 32)
+	binary.BigEndian.PutUint32(data[28:32], varidx)
+	return data
+}
+
+func storageMapping(addr, key []byte) []byte {
+	data := make([]byte, 64)
+	copy(data[0:32], key[0:32])
+	copy(data[32:64], addr[0:32])
+	return crypto.Sha3(data)
+}
+
+func storageFixedArray(addr, idx []byte) []byte {
+	var carry byte
+	for i := 31; i >= 0; i-- {
+		var b byte = addr[i] + idx[i] + carry
+		if b < addr[i] {
+			carry = 1
+		} else {
+			carry = 0
+		}
+		addr[i] = b
+	}
+	return addr
+}
+
+func storageAddress(addr []byte) string {
+	return common.ToHex(addr)
+}
diff --git a/common/resolver/resolver_test.go b/common/resolver/resolver_test.go
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..f5eb51437
--- /dev/null
+++ b/common/resolver/resolver_test.go
@@ -0,0 +1,88 @@
+package resolver
+
+import (
+	"testing"
+
+	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/common"
+	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/crypto"
+)
+
+type testBackend struct {
+	// contracts mock
+	contracts map[string](map[string]string)
+}
+
+var (
+	text     = "test"
+	codehash = common.StringToHash("1234")
+	hash     = common.BytesToHash(crypto.Sha3([]byte(text)))
+	url      = "bzz://bzzhash/my/path/contr.act"
+)
+
+func NewTestBackend() *testBackend {
+	self := &testBackend{}
+	self.contracts = make(map[string](map[string]string))
+
+	self.contracts[HashRegContractAddress] = make(map[string]string)
+	key := storageAddress(storageMapping(storageIdx2Addr(1), codehash[:]))
+	self.contracts[HashRegContractAddress][key] = hash.Hex()
+
+	self.contracts[URLHintContractAddress] = make(map[string]string)
+	mapaddr := storageMapping(storageIdx2Addr(1), hash[:])
+
+	key = storageAddress(storageFixedArray(mapaddr, storageIdx2Addr(0)))
+	self.contracts[URLHintContractAddress][key] = common.ToHex([]byte(url))
+	key = storageAddress(storageFixedArray(mapaddr, storageIdx2Addr(1)))
+	self.contracts[URLHintContractAddress][key] = "0x00"
+
+	return self
+}
+
+func (self *testBackend) StorageAt(ca, sa string) (res string) {
+	c := self.contracts[ca]
+	if c == nil {
+		return
+	}
+	res = c[sa]
+	return
+}
+
+func TestKeyToContentHash(t *testing.T) {
+	b := NewTestBackend()
+	res := New(b, URLHintContractAddress, HashRegContractAddress)
+
+	got, err := res.KeyToContentHash(codehash)
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Errorf("expected no error, got %v", err)
+	} else {
+		if got != hash {
+			t.Errorf("incorrect result, expected %x, got %x: ", hash.Hex(), got.Hex())
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+func TestContentHashToUrl(t *testing.T) {
+	b := NewTestBackend()
+	res := New(b, URLHintContractAddress, HashRegContractAddress)
+	got, err := res.ContentHashToUrl(hash)
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Errorf("expected no error, got %v", err)
+	} else {
+		if string(got) != url {
+			t.Errorf("incorrect result, expected %v, got %s: ", url, string(got))
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+func TestKeyToUrl(t *testing.T) {
+	b := NewTestBackend()
+	res := New(b, URLHintContractAddress, HashRegContractAddress)
+	got, _, err := res.KeyToUrl(codehash)
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Errorf("expected no error, got %v", err)
+	} else {
+		if string(got) != url {
+			t.Errorf("incorrect result, expected %v, got %s: ", url, string(got))
+		}
+	}
+}
diff --git a/core/genesis.go b/core/genesis.go
index 37997fbef..e72834822 100644
--- a/core/genesis.go
+++ b/core/genesis.go
@@ -36,7 +36,7 @@ func GenesisBlock(db common.Database) *types.Block {
 		Balance string
 		Code    string
 	}
-	err := json.Unmarshal(genesisData, &accounts)
+	err := json.Unmarshal(GenesisData, &accounts)
 	if err != nil {
 		fmt.Println("enable to decode genesis json data:", err)
 		os.Exit(1)
@@ -57,7 +57,7 @@ func GenesisBlock(db common.Database) *types.Block {
 	return genesis
 }
 
-var genesisData = []byte(`{
+var GenesisData = []byte(`{
 	"0000000000000000000000000000000000000001": {"balance": "1"},
 	"0000000000000000000000000000000000000002": {"balance": "1"},
 	"0000000000000000000000000000000000000003": {"balance": "1"},
diff --git a/eth/backend.go b/eth/backend.go
index 264753aba..ec2444836 100644
--- a/eth/backend.go
+++ b/eth/backend.go
@@ -50,6 +50,7 @@ type Config struct {
 	LogLevel int
 	LogJSON  string
 	VmDebug  bool
+	NatSpec  bool
 
 	MaxPeers int
 	Port     string
@@ -144,6 +145,7 @@ type Ethereum struct {
 	// logger logger.LogSystem
 
 	Mining        bool
+	NatSpec       bool
 	DataDir       string
 	etherbase     common.Address
 	clientVersion string
@@ -205,6 +207,7 @@ func New(config *Config) (*Ethereum, error) {
 		clientVersion:  config.Name, // TODO should separate from Name
 		ethVersionId:   config.ProtocolVersion,
 		netVersionId:   config.NetworkId,
+		NatSpec:        config.NatSpec,
 	}
 
 	eth.chainManager = core.NewChainManager(blockDb, stateDb, eth.EventMux())
diff --git a/rpc/api.go b/rpc/api.go
index bf5066f9a..66283752b 100644
--- a/rpc/api.go
+++ b/rpc/api.go
@@ -2,7 +2,7 @@ package rpc
 
 import (
 	"encoding/json"
-	// "fmt"
+	"fmt"
 	"math/big"
 	"sync"
 
@@ -167,6 +167,12 @@ func (api *EthereumApi) GetRequestReply(req *RpcRequest, reply *interface{}) err
 			return err
 		}
 
+		// call ConfirmTransaction first
+		tx, _ := json.Marshal(req)
+		if !api.xeth().ConfirmTransaction(string(tx)) {
+			return fmt.Errorf("Transaction not confirmed")
+		}
+
 		v, err := api.xeth().Transact(args.From, args.To, args.Value.String(), args.Gas.String(), args.GasPrice.String(), args.Data)
 		if err != nil {
 			return err
diff --git a/xeth/frontend.go b/xeth/frontend.go
index 8deb5c98c..fe1d57c50 100644
--- a/xeth/frontend.go
+++ b/xeth/frontend.go
@@ -1,9 +1,5 @@
 package xeth
 
-import (
-	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/core/types"
-)
-
 // Frontend should be implemented by users of XEth. Its methods are
 // called whenever XEth makes a decision that requires user input.
 type Frontend interface {
@@ -21,12 +17,12 @@ type Frontend interface {
 	//
 	// ConfirmTransaction is not used for Call transactions
 	// because they cannot change any state.
-	ConfirmTransaction(tx *types.Transaction) bool
+	ConfirmTransaction(tx string) bool
 }
 
 // dummyFrontend is a non-interactive frontend that allows all
 // transactions but cannot not unlock any keys.
 type dummyFrontend struct{}
 
-func (dummyFrontend) UnlockAccount([]byte) bool                  { return false }
-func (dummyFrontend) ConfirmTransaction(*types.Transaction) bool { return true }
+func (dummyFrontend) UnlockAccount([]byte) bool      { return false }
+func (dummyFrontend) ConfirmTransaction(string) bool { return true }
diff --git a/xeth/xeth.go b/xeth/xeth.go
index c1a2ec283..afcb33e4c 100644
--- a/xeth/xeth.go
+++ b/xeth/xeth.go
@@ -148,10 +148,10 @@ func (self *XEth) AtStateNum(num int64) *XEth {
 		}
 	}
 
-	return self.withState(st)
+	return self.WithState(st)
 }
 
-func (self *XEth) withState(statedb *state.StateDB) *XEth {
+func (self *XEth) WithState(statedb *state.StateDB) *XEth {
 	xeth := &XEth{
 		backend: self.backend,
 	}
@@ -608,6 +608,12 @@ func (self *XEth) Call(fromStr, toStr, valueStr, gasStr, gasPriceStr, dataStr st
 	return common.ToHex(res), err
 }
 
+func (self *XEth) ConfirmTransaction(tx string) bool {
+
+	return self.frontend.ConfirmTransaction(tx)
+
+}
+
 func (self *XEth) Transact(fromStr, toStr, valueStr, gasStr, gasPriceStr, codeStr string) (string, error) {
 	var (
 		from             = common.HexToAddress(fromStr)