all: switch gas limits from big.Int to uint64

36 files changed, 376 insertions, 409 deletions

diff --git a/core/bench_test.go b/core/bench_test.go
index 9c7cd81c4..f976331d1 100644
--- a/core/bench_test.go
+++ b/core/bench_test.go
@@ -84,7 +84,7 @@ func genValueTx(nbytes int) func(int, *BlockGen) {
 	return func(i int, gen *BlockGen) {
 		toaddr := common.Address{}
 		data := make([]byte, nbytes)
-		gas := IntrinsicGas(data, false, false)
+		gas, _ := IntrinsicGas(data, false, false)
 		tx, _ := types.SignTx(types.NewTransaction(gen.TxNonce(benchRootAddr), toaddr, big.NewInt(1), gas, nil, data), types.HomesteadSigner{}, benchRootKey)
 		gen.AddTx(tx)
 	}
@@ -93,7 +93,6 @@ func genValueTx(nbytes int) func(int, *BlockGen) {
 var (
 	ringKeys  = make([]*ecdsa.PrivateKey, 1000)
 	ringAddrs = make([]common.Address, len(ringKeys))
-	bigTxGas  = new(big.Int).SetUint64(params.TxGas)
 )
 
 func init() {
@@ -113,8 +112,8 @@ func genTxRing(naccounts int) func(int, *BlockGen) {
 	return func(i int, gen *BlockGen) {
 		gas := CalcGasLimit(gen.PrevBlock(i - 1))
 		for {
-			gas.Sub(gas, bigTxGas)
-			if gas.Cmp(bigTxGas) < 0 {
+			gas -= params.TxGas
+			if gas < params.TxGas {
 				break
 			}
 			to := (from + 1) % naccounts
@@ -122,7 +121,7 @@ func genTxRing(naccounts int) func(int, *BlockGen) {
 				gen.TxNonce(ringAddrs[from]),
 				ringAddrs[to],
 				benchRootFunds,
-				bigTxGas,
+				params.TxGas,
 				nil,
 				nil,
 			)
diff --git a/core/block_validator.go b/core/block_validator.go
index e9cfd0482..143728bb8 100644
--- a/core/block_validator.go
+++ b/core/block_validator.go
@@ -18,9 +18,7 @@ package core
 
 import (
 	"fmt"
-	"math/big"
 
-	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/common/math"
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/consensus"
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/core/state"
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/core/types"
@@ -76,10 +74,10 @@ func (v *BlockValidator) ValidateBody(block *types.Block) error {
 // transition, such as amount of used gas, the receipt roots and the state root
 // itself. ValidateState returns a database batch if the validation was a success
 // otherwise nil and an error is returned.
-func (v *BlockValidator) ValidateState(block, parent *types.Block, statedb *state.StateDB, receipts types.Receipts, usedGas *big.Int) error {
+func (v *BlockValidator) ValidateState(block, parent *types.Block, statedb *state.StateDB, receipts types.Receipts, usedGas uint64) error {
 	header := block.Header()
-	if block.GasUsed().Cmp(usedGas) != 0 {
-		return fmt.Errorf("invalid gas used (remote: %v local: %v)", block.GasUsed(), usedGas)
+	if block.GasUsed() != usedGas {
+		return fmt.Errorf("invalid gas used (remote: %d local: %d)", block.GasUsed(), usedGas)
 	}
 	// Validate the received block's bloom with the one derived from the generated receipts.
 	// For valid blocks this should always validate to true.
@@ -101,17 +99,13 @@ func (v *BlockValidator) ValidateState(block, parent *types.Block, statedb *stat
 }
 
 // CalcGasLimit computes the gas limit of the next block after parent.
-// The result may be modified by the caller.
 // This is miner strategy, not consensus protocol.
-func CalcGasLimit(parent *types.Block) *big.Int {
+func CalcGasLimit(parent *types.Block) uint64 {
 	// contrib = (parentGasUsed * 3 / 2) / 1024
-	contrib := new(big.Int).Mul(parent.GasUsed(), big.NewInt(3))
-	contrib = contrib.Div(contrib, big.NewInt(2))
-	contrib = contrib.Div(contrib, params.GasLimitBoundDivisor)
+	contrib := (parent.GasUsed() + parent.GasUsed()/2) / params.GasLimitBoundDivisor
 
 	// decay = parentGasLimit / 1024 -1
-	decay := new(big.Int).Div(parent.GasLimit(), params.GasLimitBoundDivisor)
-	decay.Sub(decay, big.NewInt(1))
+	decay := parent.GasLimit()/params.GasLimitBoundDivisor - 1
 
 	/*
 		strategy: gasLimit of block-to-mine is set based on parent's
@@ -120,15 +114,17 @@ func CalcGasLimit(parent *types.Block) *big.Int {
 		at that usage) the amount increased/decreased depends on how far away
 		from parentGasLimit * (2/3) parentGasUsed is.
 	*/
-	gl := new(big.Int).Sub(parent.GasLimit(), decay)
-	gl = gl.Add(gl, contrib)
-	gl.Set(math.BigMax(gl, params.MinGasLimit))
-
+	limit := parent.GasLimit() - decay + contrib
+	if limit < params.MinGasLimit {
+		limit = params.MinGasLimit
+	}
 	// however, if we're now below the target (TargetGasLimit) we increase the
 	// limit as much as we can (parentGasLimit / 1024 -1)
-	if gl.Cmp(params.TargetGasLimit) < 0 {
-		gl.Add(parent.GasLimit(), decay)
-		gl.Set(math.BigMin(gl, params.TargetGasLimit))
+	if limit < params.TargetGasLimit {
+		limit = parent.GasLimit() + decay
+		if limit > params.TargetGasLimit {
+			limit = params.TargetGasLimit
+		}
 	}
-	return gl
+	return limit
 }
diff --git a/core/blockchain.go b/core/blockchain.go
index 812f9e562..737fbe3ee 100644
--- a/core/blockchain.go
+++ b/core/blockchain.go
@@ -305,7 +305,7 @@ func (bc *BlockChain) FastSyncCommitHead(hash common.Hash) error {
 }
 
 // GasLimit returns the gas limit of the current HEAD block.
-func (bc *BlockChain) GasLimit() *big.Int {
+func (bc *BlockChain) GasLimit() uint64 {
 	bc.mu.RLock()
 	defer bc.mu.RUnlock()
 
@@ -677,9 +677,9 @@ func SetReceiptsData(config *params.ChainConfig, block *types.Block, receipts ty
 		}
 		// The used gas can be calculated based on previous receipts
 		if j == 0 {
-			receipts[j].GasUsed = new(big.Int).Set(receipts[j].CumulativeGasUsed)
+			receipts[j].GasUsed = receipts[j].CumulativeGasUsed
 		} else {
-			receipts[j].GasUsed = new(big.Int).Sub(receipts[j].CumulativeGasUsed, receipts[j-1].CumulativeGasUsed)
+			receipts[j].GasUsed = receipts[j].CumulativeGasUsed - receipts[j-1].CumulativeGasUsed
 		}
 		// The derived log fields can simply be set from the block and transaction
 		for k := 0; k < len(receipts[j].Logs); k++ {
@@ -1002,7 +1002,7 @@ func (bc *BlockChain) insertChain(chain types.Blocks) (int, []interface{}, []*ty
 			events = append(events, ChainSideEvent{block})
 		}
 		stats.processed++
-		stats.usedGas += usedGas.Uint64()
+		stats.usedGas += usedGas
 		stats.report(chain, i)
 	}
 	// Append a single chain head event if we've progressed the chain
diff --git a/core/blockchain_test.go b/core/blockchain_test.go
index cb2e47104..26c816027 100644
--- a/core/blockchain_test.go
+++ b/core/blockchain_test.go
@@ -340,11 +340,11 @@ func testBrokenChain(t *testing.T, full bool) {
 type bproc struct{}
 
 func (bproc) ValidateBody(*types.Block) error { return nil }
-func (bproc) ValidateState(block, parent *types.Block, state *state.StateDB, receipts types.Receipts, usedGas *big.Int) error {
+func (bproc) ValidateState(block, parent *types.Block, state *state.StateDB, receipts types.Receipts, usedGas uint64) error {
 	return nil
 }
-func (bproc) Process(block *types.Block, statedb *state.StateDB, cfg vm.Config) (types.Receipts, []*types.Log, *big.Int, error) {
-	return nil, nil, new(big.Int), nil
+func (bproc) Process(block *types.Block, statedb *state.StateDB, cfg vm.Config) (types.Receipts, []*types.Log, uint64, error) {
+	return nil, nil, 0, nil
 }
 
 func makeHeaderChainWithDiff(genesis *types.Block, d []int, seed byte) []*types.Header {
@@ -506,8 +506,8 @@ func testReorgBadHashes(t *testing.T, full bool) {
 		if ncm.CurrentBlock().Hash() != blocks[2].Header().Hash() {
 			t.Errorf("last block hash mismatch: have: %x, want %x", ncm.CurrentBlock().Hash(), blocks[2].Header().Hash())
 		}
-		if blocks[2].Header().GasLimit.Cmp(ncm.GasLimit()) != 0 {
-			t.Errorf("last  block gasLimit mismatch: have: %x, want %x", ncm.GasLimit(), blocks[2].Header().GasLimit)
+		if blocks[2].Header().GasLimit != ncm.GasLimit() {
+			t.Errorf("last  block gasLimit mismatch: have: %d, want %d", ncm.GasLimit(), blocks[2].Header().GasLimit)
 		}
 	} else {
 		if ncm.CurrentHeader().Hash() != headers[2].Hash() {
@@ -594,7 +594,7 @@ func TestFastVsFullChains(t *testing.T) {
 		// If the block number is multiple of 3, send a few bonus transactions to the miner
 		if i%3 == 2 {
 			for j := 0; j < i%4+1; j++ {
-				tx, err := types.SignTx(types.NewTransaction(block.TxNonce(address), common.Address{0x00}, big.NewInt(1000), bigTxGas, nil, nil), signer, key)
+				tx, err := types.SignTx(types.NewTransaction(block.TxNonce(address), common.Address{0x00}, big.NewInt(1000), params.TxGas, nil, nil), signer, key)
 				if err != nil {
 					panic(err)
 				}
@@ -767,8 +767,8 @@ func TestChainTxReorgs(t *testing.T) {
 	// Create two transactions shared between the chains:
 	//  - postponed: transaction included at a later block in the forked chain
 	//  - swapped: transaction included at the same block number in the forked chain
-	postponed, _ := types.SignTx(types.NewTransaction(0, addr1, big.NewInt(1000), bigTxGas, nil, nil), signer, key1)
-	swapped, _ := types.SignTx(types.NewTransaction(1, addr1, big.NewInt(1000), bigTxGas, nil, nil), signer, key1)
+	postponed, _ := types.SignTx(types.NewTransaction(0, addr1, big.NewInt(1000), params.TxGas, nil, nil), signer, key1)
+	swapped, _ := types.SignTx(types.NewTransaction(1, addr1, big.NewInt(1000), params.TxGas, nil, nil), signer, key1)
 
 	// Create two transactions that will be dropped by the forked chain:
 	//  - pastDrop: transaction dropped retroactively from a past block
@@ -784,13 +784,13 @@ func TestChainTxReorgs(t *testing.T) {
 	chain, _ := GenerateChain(gspec.Config, genesis, ethash.NewFaker(), db, 3, func(i int, gen *BlockGen) {
 		switch i {
 		case 0:
-			pastDrop, _ = types.SignTx(types.NewTransaction(gen.TxNonce(addr2), addr2, big.NewInt(1000), bigTxGas, nil, nil), signer, key2)
+			pastDrop, _ = types.SignTx(types.NewTransaction(gen.TxNonce(addr2), addr2, big.NewInt(1000), params.TxGas, nil, nil), signer, key2)
 
 			gen.AddTx(pastDrop)  // This transaction will be dropped in the fork from below the split point
 			gen.AddTx(postponed) // This transaction will be postponed till block #3 in the fork
 
 		case 2:
-			freshDrop, _ = types.SignTx(types.NewTransaction(gen.TxNonce(addr2), addr2, big.NewInt(1000), bigTxGas, nil, nil), signer, key2)
+			freshDrop, _ = types.SignTx(types.NewTransaction(gen.TxNonce(addr2), addr2, big.NewInt(1000), params.TxGas, nil, nil), signer, key2)
 
 			gen.AddTx(freshDrop) // This transaction will be dropped in the fork from exactly at the split point
 			gen.AddTx(swapped)   // This transaction will be swapped out at the exact height
@@ -809,18 +809,18 @@ func TestChainTxReorgs(t *testing.T) {
 	chain, _ = GenerateChain(gspec.Config, genesis, ethash.NewFaker(), db, 5, func(i int, gen *BlockGen) {
 		switch i {
 		case 0:
-			pastAdd, _ = types.SignTx(types.NewTransaction(gen.TxNonce(addr3), addr3, big.NewInt(1000), bigTxGas, nil, nil), signer, key3)
+			pastAdd, _ = types.SignTx(types.NewTransaction(gen.TxNonce(addr3), addr3, big.NewInt(1000), params.TxGas, nil, nil), signer, key3)
 			gen.AddTx(pastAdd) // This transaction needs to be injected during reorg
 
 		case 2:
 			gen.AddTx(postponed) // This transaction was postponed from block #1 in the original chain
 			gen.AddTx(swapped)   // This transaction was swapped from the exact current spot in the original chain
 
-			freshAdd, _ = types.SignTx(types.NewTransaction(gen.TxNonce(addr3), addr3, big.NewInt(1000), bigTxGas, nil, nil), signer, key3)
+			freshAdd, _ = types.SignTx(types.NewTransaction(gen.TxNonce(addr3), addr3, big.NewInt(1000), params.TxGas, nil, nil), signer, key3)
 			gen.AddTx(freshAdd) // This transaction will be added exactly at reorg time
 
 		case 3:
-			futureAdd, _ = types.SignTx(types.NewTransaction(gen.TxNonce(addr3), addr3, big.NewInt(1000), bigTxGas, nil, nil), signer, key3)
+			futureAdd, _ = types.SignTx(types.NewTransaction(gen.TxNonce(addr3), addr3, big.NewInt(1000), params.TxGas, nil, nil), signer, key3)
 			gen.AddTx(futureAdd) // This transaction will be added after a full reorg
 		}
 	})
@@ -877,7 +877,7 @@ func TestLogReorgs(t *testing.T) {
 	blockchain.SubscribeRemovedLogsEvent(rmLogsCh)
 	chain, _ := GenerateChain(params.TestChainConfig, genesis, ethash.NewFaker(), db, 2, func(i int, gen *BlockGen) {
 		if i == 1 {
-			tx, err := types.SignTx(types.NewContractCreation(gen.TxNonce(addr1), new(big.Int), big.NewInt(1000000), new(big.Int), code), signer, key1)
+			tx, err := types.SignTx(types.NewContractCreation(gen.TxNonce(addr1), new(big.Int), 1000000, new(big.Int), code), signer, key1)
 			if err != nil {
 				t.Fatalf("failed to create tx: %v", err)
 			}
@@ -926,7 +926,7 @@ func TestReorgSideEvent(t *testing.T) {
 	}
 
 	replacementBlocks, _ := GenerateChain(gspec.Config, genesis, ethash.NewFaker(), db, 4, func(i int, gen *BlockGen) {
-		tx, err := types.SignTx(types.NewContractCreation(gen.TxNonce(addr1), new(big.Int), big.NewInt(1000000), new(big.Int), nil), signer, key1)
+		tx, err := types.SignTx(types.NewContractCreation(gen.TxNonce(addr1), new(big.Int), 1000000, new(big.Int), nil), signer, key1)
 		if i == 2 {
 			gen.OffsetTime(-9)
 		}
@@ -1051,7 +1051,7 @@ func TestEIP155Transition(t *testing.T) {
 			tx      *types.Transaction
 			err     error
 			basicTx = func(signer types.Signer) (*types.Transaction, error) {
-				return types.SignTx(types.NewTransaction(block.TxNonce(address), common.Address{}, new(big.Int), big.NewInt(21000), new(big.Int), nil), signer, key)
+				return types.SignTx(types.NewTransaction(block.TxNonce(address), common.Address{}, new(big.Int), 21000, new(big.Int), nil), signer, key)
 			}
 		)
 		switch i {
@@ -1114,7 +1114,7 @@ func TestEIP155Transition(t *testing.T) {
 			tx      *types.Transaction
 			err     error
 			basicTx = func(signer types.Signer) (*types.Transaction, error) {
-				return types.SignTx(types.NewTransaction(block.TxNonce(address), common.Address{}, new(big.Int), big.NewInt(21000), new(big.Int), nil), signer, key)
+				return types.SignTx(types.NewTransaction(block.TxNonce(address), common.Address{}, new(big.Int), 21000, new(big.Int), nil), signer, key)
 			}
 		)
 		switch i {
@@ -1162,11 +1162,11 @@ func TestEIP161AccountRemoval(t *testing.T) {
 		)
 		switch i {
 		case 0:
-			tx, err = types.SignTx(types.NewTransaction(block.TxNonce(address), theAddr, new(big.Int), big.NewInt(21000), new(big.Int), nil), signer, key)
+			tx, err = types.SignTx(types.NewTransaction(block.TxNonce(address), theAddr, new(big.Int), 21000, new(big.Int), nil), signer, key)
 		case 1:
-			tx, err = types.SignTx(types.NewTransaction(block.TxNonce(address), theAddr, new(big.Int), big.NewInt(21000), new(big.Int), nil), signer, key)
+			tx, err = types.SignTx(types.NewTransaction(block.TxNonce(address), theAddr, new(big.Int), 21000, new(big.Int), nil), signer, key)
 		case 2:
-			tx, err = types.SignTx(types.NewTransaction(block.TxNonce(address), theAddr, new(big.Int), big.NewInt(21000), new(big.Int), nil), signer, key)
+			tx, err = types.SignTx(types.NewTransaction(block.TxNonce(address), theAddr, new(big.Int), 21000, new(big.Int), nil), signer, key)
 		}
 		if err != nil {
 			t.Fatal(err)
diff --git a/core/chain_makers.go b/core/chain_makers.go
index 0e5e3791e..5e264a994 100644
--- a/core/chain_makers.go
+++ b/core/chain_makers.go
@@ -86,7 +86,7 @@ func (b *BlockGen) AddTx(tx *types.Transaction) {
 		b.SetCoinbase(common.Address{})
 	}
 	b.statedb.Prepare(tx.Hash(), common.Hash{}, len(b.txs))
-	receipt, _, err := ApplyTransaction(b.config, nil, &b.header.Coinbase, b.gasPool, b.statedb, b.header, tx, b.header.GasUsed, vm.Config{})
+	receipt, _, err := ApplyTransaction(b.config, nil, &b.header.Coinbase, b.gasPool, b.statedb, b.header, tx, &b.header.GasUsed, vm.Config{})
 	if err != nil {
 		panic(err)
 	}
@@ -232,7 +232,6 @@ func makeHeader(chain consensus.ChainReader, parent *types.Block, state *state.S
 			UncleHash:  parent.UncleHash(),
 		}),
 		GasLimit: CalcGasLimit(parent),
-		GasUsed:  new(big.Int),
 		Number:   new(big.Int).Add(parent.Number(), common.Big1),
 		Time:     time,
 	}
diff --git a/core/chain_makers_test.go b/core/chain_makers_test.go
index 011efe342..a3b80da29 100644
--- a/core/chain_makers_test.go
+++ b/core/chain_makers_test.go
@@ -54,13 +54,13 @@ func ExampleGenerateChain() {
 		switch i {
 		case 0:
 			// In block 1, addr1 sends addr2 some ether.
-			tx, _ := types.SignTx(types.NewTransaction(gen.TxNonce(addr1), addr2, big.NewInt(10000), bigTxGas, nil, nil), signer, key1)
+			tx, _ := types.SignTx(types.NewTransaction(gen.TxNonce(addr1), addr2, big.NewInt(10000), params.TxGas, nil, nil), signer, key1)
 			gen.AddTx(tx)
 		case 1:
 			// In block 2, addr1 sends some more ether to addr2.
 			// addr2 passes it on to addr3.
-			tx1, _ := types.SignTx(types.NewTransaction(gen.TxNonce(addr1), addr2, big.NewInt(1000), bigTxGas, nil, nil), signer, key1)
-			tx2, _ := types.SignTx(types.NewTransaction(gen.TxNonce(addr2), addr3, big.NewInt(1000), bigTxGas, nil, nil), signer, key2)
+			tx1, _ := types.SignTx(types.NewTransaction(gen.TxNonce(addr1), addr2, big.NewInt(1000), params.TxGas, nil, nil), signer, key1)
+			tx2, _ := types.SignTx(types.NewTransaction(gen.TxNonce(addr2), addr3, big.NewInt(1000), params.TxGas, nil, nil), signer, key2)
 			gen.AddTx(tx1)
 			gen.AddTx(tx2)
 		case 2:
diff --git a/core/database_util_test.go b/core/database_util_test.go
index 36f43cf50..ab4e45a47 100644
--- a/core/database_util_test.go
+++ b/core/database_util_test.go
@@ -290,9 +290,9 @@ func TestHeadStorage(t *testing.T) {
 func TestLookupStorage(t *testing.T) {
 	db, _ := ethdb.NewMemDatabase()
 
-	tx1 := types.NewTransaction(1, common.BytesToAddress([]byte{0x11}), big.NewInt(111), big.NewInt(1111), big.NewInt(11111), []byte{0x11, 0x11, 0x11})
-	tx2 := types.NewTransaction(2, common.BytesToAddress([]byte{0x22}), big.NewInt(222), big.NewInt(2222), big.NewInt(22222), []byte{0x22, 0x22, 0x22})
-	tx3 := types.NewTransaction(3, common.BytesToAddress([]byte{0x33}), big.NewInt(333), big.NewInt(3333), big.NewInt(33333), []byte{0x33, 0x33, 0x33})
+	tx1 := types.NewTransaction(1, common.BytesToAddress([]byte{0x11}), big.NewInt(111), 1111, big.NewInt(11111), []byte{0x11, 0x11, 0x11})
+	tx2 := types.NewTransaction(2, common.BytesToAddress([]byte{0x22}), big.NewInt(222), 2222, big.NewInt(22222), []byte{0x22, 0x22, 0x22})
+	tx3 := types.NewTransaction(3, common.BytesToAddress([]byte{0x33}), big.NewInt(333), 3333, big.NewInt(33333), []byte{0x33, 0x33, 0x33})
 	txs := []*types.Transaction{tx1, tx2, tx3}
 
 	block := types.NewBlock(&types.Header{Number: big.NewInt(314)}, txs, nil, nil)
@@ -337,25 +337,25 @@ func TestBlockReceiptStorage(t *testing.T) {
 
 	receipt1 := &types.Receipt{
 		Status:            types.ReceiptStatusFailed,
-		CumulativeGasUsed: big.NewInt(1),
+		CumulativeGasUsed: 1,
 		Logs: []*types.Log{
 			{Address: common.BytesToAddress([]byte{0x11})},
 			{Address: common.BytesToAddress([]byte{0x01, 0x11})},
 		},
 		TxHash:          common.BytesToHash([]byte{0x11, 0x11}),
 		ContractAddress: common.BytesToAddress([]byte{0x01, 0x11, 0x11}),
-		GasUsed:         big.NewInt(111111),
+		GasUsed:         111111,
 	}
 	receipt2 := &types.Receipt{
 		PostState:         common.Hash{2}.Bytes(),
-		CumulativeGasUsed: big.NewInt(2),
+		CumulativeGasUsed: 2,
 		Logs: []*types.Log{
 			{Address: common.BytesToAddress([]byte{0x22})},
 			{Address: common.BytesToAddress([]byte{0x02, 0x22})},
 		},
 		TxHash:          common.BytesToHash([]byte{0x22, 0x22}),
 		ContractAddress: common.BytesToAddress([]byte{0x02, 0x22, 0x22}),
-		GasUsed:         big.NewInt(222222),
+		GasUsed:         222222,
 	}
 	receipts := []*types.Receipt{receipt1, receipt2}
 
diff --git a/core/evm.go b/core/evm.go
index 4912aa650..55db53927 100644
--- a/core/evm.go
+++ b/core/evm.go
@@ -53,7 +53,7 @@ func NewEVMContext(msg Message, header *types.Header, chain ChainContext, author
 		BlockNumber: new(big.Int).Set(header.Number),
 		Time:        new(big.Int).Set(header.Time),
 		Difficulty:  new(big.Int).Set(header.Difficulty),
-		GasLimit:    new(big.Int).Set(header.GasLimit),
+		GasLimit:    header.GasLimit,
 		GasPrice:    new(big.Int).Set(msg.GasPrice()),
 	}
 }
diff --git a/core/gaspool.go b/core/gaspool.go
index ef99908cf..c3ee5c198 100644
--- a/core/gaspool.go
+++ b/core/gaspool.go
@@ -16,31 +16,34 @@
 
 package core
 
-import "math/big"
+import (
+	"fmt"
+	"math"
+)
 
-// GasPool tracks the amount of gas available during
-// execution of the transactions in a block.
-// The zero value is a pool with zero gas available.
-type GasPool big.Int
+// GasPool tracks the amount of gas available during execution of the transactions
+// in a block. The zero value is a pool with zero gas available.
+type GasPool uint64
 
 // AddGas makes gas available for execution.
-func (gp *GasPool) AddGas(amount *big.Int) *GasPool {
-	i := (*big.Int)(gp)
-	i.Add(i, amount)
+func (gp *GasPool) AddGas(amount uint64) *GasPool {
+	if uint64(*gp) > math.MaxUint64-amount {
+		panic("gas pool pushed above uint64")
+	}
+	*(*uint64)(gp) += amount
 	return gp
 }
 
 // SubGas deducts the given amount from the pool if enough gas is
 // available and returns an error otherwise.
-func (gp *GasPool) SubGas(amount *big.Int) error {
-	i := (*big.Int)(gp)
-	if i.Cmp(amount) < 0 {
+func (gp *GasPool) SubGas(amount uint64) error {
+	if uint64(*gp) < amount {
 		return ErrGasLimitReached
 	}
-	i.Sub(i, amount)
+	*(*uint64)(gp) -= amount
 	return nil
 }
 
 func (gp *GasPool) String() string {
-	return (*big.Int)(gp).String()
+	return fmt.Sprintf("%d", *gp)
 }
diff --git a/core/gen_genesis.go b/core/gen_genesis.go
index 4d75704a6..6f941e35a 100644
--- a/core/gen_genesis.go
+++ b/core/gen_genesis.go
@@ -13,6 +13,8 @@ import (
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/params"
 )
 
+var _ = (*genesisSpecMarshaling)(nil)
+
 func (g Genesis) MarshalJSON() ([]byte, error) {
 	type Genesis struct {
 		Config     *params.ChainConfig                         `json:"config"`
diff --git a/core/genesis.go b/core/genesis.go
index df491ce0f..e22985b80 100644
--- a/core/genesis.go
+++ b/core/genesis.go
@@ -239,8 +239,8 @@ func (g *Genesis) ToBlock() (*types.Block, *state.StateDB) {
 		Time:       new(big.Int).SetUint64(g.Timestamp),
 		ParentHash: g.ParentHash,
 		Extra:      g.ExtraData,
-		GasLimit:   new(big.Int).SetUint64(g.GasLimit),
-		GasUsed:    new(big.Int).SetUint64(g.GasUsed),
+		GasLimit:   g.GasLimit,
+		GasUsed:    g.GasUsed,
 		Difficulty: g.Difficulty,
 		MixDigest:  g.Mixhash,
 		Coinbase:   g.Coinbase,
diff --git a/core/state/journal.go b/core/state/journal.go
index ddc819fe5..a89bb3d13 100644
--- a/core/state/journal.go
+++ b/core/state/journal.go
@@ -62,7 +62,7 @@ type (
 
 	// Changes to other state values.
 	refundChange struct {
-		prev *big.Int
+		prev uint64
 	}
 	addLogChange struct {
 		txhash common.Hash
diff --git a/core/state/statedb.go b/core/state/statedb.go
index de9fb367d..8e29104d5 100644
--- a/core/state/statedb.go
+++ b/core/state/statedb.go
@@ -57,7 +57,7 @@ type StateDB struct {
 	dbErr error
 
 	// The refund counter, also used by state transitioning.
-	refund *big.Int
+	refund uint64
 
 	thash, bhash common.Hash
 	txIndex      int
@@ -86,7 +86,6 @@ func New(root common.Hash, db Database) (*StateDB, error) {
 		trie:              tr,
 		stateObjects:      make(map[common.Address]*stateObject),
 		stateObjectsDirty: make(map[common.Address]struct{}),
-		refund:            new(big.Int),
 		logs:              make(map[common.Hash][]*types.Log),
 		preimages:         make(map[common.Hash][]byte),
 	}, nil
@@ -161,9 +160,9 @@ func (self *StateDB) Preimages() map[common.Hash][]byte {
 	return self.preimages
 }
 
-func (self *StateDB) AddRefund(gas *big.Int) {
-	self.journal = append(self.journal, refundChange{prev: new(big.Int).Set(self.refund)})
-	self.refund.Add(self.refund, gas)
+func (self *StateDB) AddRefund(gas uint64) {
+	self.journal = append(self.journal, refundChange{prev: self.refund})
+	self.refund += gas
 }
 
 // Exist reports whether the given account address exists in the state.
@@ -456,7 +455,7 @@ func (self *StateDB) Copy() *StateDB {
 		trie:              self.db.CopyTrie(self.trie),
 		stateObjects:      make(map[common.Address]*stateObject, len(self.stateObjectsDirty)),
 		stateObjectsDirty: make(map[common.Address]struct{}, len(self.stateObjectsDirty)),
-		refund:            new(big.Int).Set(self.refund),
+		refund:            self.refund,
 		logs:              make(map[common.Hash][]*types.Log, len(self.logs)),
 		logSize:           self.logSize,
 		preimages:         make(map[common.Hash][]byte),
@@ -506,9 +505,7 @@ func (self *StateDB) RevertToSnapshot(revid int) {
 }
 
 // GetRefund returns the current value of the refund counter.
-// The return value must not be modified by the caller and will become
-// invalid at the next call to AddRefund.
-func (self *StateDB) GetRefund() *big.Int {
+func (self *StateDB) GetRefund() uint64 {
 	return self.refund
 }
 
@@ -568,7 +565,7 @@ func (s *StateDB) DeleteSuicides() {
 func (s *StateDB) clearJournalAndRefund() {
 	s.journal = nil
 	s.validRevisions = s.validRevisions[:0]
-	s.refund = new(big.Int)
+	s.refund = 0
 }
 
 // CommitTo writes the state to the given database.
diff --git a/core/state/statedb_test.go b/core/state/statedb_test.go
index e9944cd74..5c80e3aa5 100644
--- a/core/state/statedb_test.go
+++ b/core/state/statedb_test.go
@@ -263,7 +263,7 @@ func newTestAction(addr common.Address, r *rand.Rand) testAction {
 		{
 			name: "AddRefund",
 			fn: func(a testAction, s *StateDB) {
-				s.AddRefund(big.NewInt(a.args[0]))
+				s.AddRefund(uint64(a.args[0]))
 			},
 			args:   make([]int64, 1),
 			noAddr: true,
@@ -396,7 +396,7 @@ func (test *snapshotTest) checkEqual(state, checkstate *StateDB) error {
 		}
 	}
 
-	if state.GetRefund().Cmp(checkstate.GetRefund()) != 0 {
+	if state.GetRefund() != checkstate.GetRefund() {
 		return fmt.Errorf("got GetRefund() == %d, want GetRefund() == %d",
 			state.GetRefund(), checkstate.GetRefund())
 	}
diff --git a/core/state_processor.go b/core/state_processor.go
index 689c83785..4dc58b9de 100644
--- a/core/state_processor.go
+++ b/core/state_processor.go
@@ -17,8 +17,6 @@
 package core
 
 import (
-	"math/big"
-
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/common"
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/consensus"
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/consensus/misc"
@@ -55,13 +53,13 @@ func NewStateProcessor(config *params.ChainConfig, bc *BlockChain, engine consen
 // Process returns the receipts and logs accumulated during the process and
 // returns the amount of gas that was used in the process. If any of the
 // transactions failed to execute due to insufficient gas it will return an error.
-func (p *StateProcessor) Process(block *types.Block, statedb *state.StateDB, cfg vm.Config) (types.Receipts, []*types.Log, *big.Int, error) {
+func (p *StateProcessor) Process(block *types.Block, statedb *state.StateDB, cfg vm.Config) (types.Receipts, []*types.Log, uint64, error) {
 	var (
-		receipts     types.Receipts
-		totalUsedGas = big.NewInt(0)
-		header       = block.Header()
-		allLogs      []*types.Log
-		gp           = new(GasPool).AddGas(block.GasLimit())
+		receipts types.Receipts
+		usedGas  = new(uint64)
+		header   = block.Header()
+		allLogs  []*types.Log
+		gp       = new(GasPool).AddGas(block.GasLimit())
 	)
 	// Mutate the the block and state according to any hard-fork specs
 	if p.config.DAOForkSupport && p.config.DAOForkBlock != nil && p.config.DAOForkBlock.Cmp(block.Number()) == 0 {
@@ -70,9 +68,9 @@ func (p *StateProcessor) Process(block *types.Block, statedb *state.StateDB, cfg
 	// Iterate over and process the individual transactions
 	for i, tx := range block.Transactions() {
 		statedb.Prepare(tx.Hash(), block.Hash(), i)
-		receipt, _, err := ApplyTransaction(p.config, p.bc, nil, gp, statedb, header, tx, totalUsedGas, cfg)
+		receipt, _, err := ApplyTransaction(p.config, p.bc, nil, gp, statedb, header, tx, usedGas, cfg)
 		if err != nil {
-			return nil, nil, nil, err
+			return nil, nil, 0, err
 		}
 		receipts = append(receipts, receipt)
 		allLogs = append(allLogs, receipt.Logs...)
@@ -80,17 +78,17 @@ func (p *StateProcessor) Process(block *types.Block, statedb *state.StateDB, cfg
 	// Finalize the block, applying any consensus engine specific extras (e.g. block rewards)
 	p.engine.Finalize(p.bc, header, statedb, block.Transactions(), block.Uncles(), receipts)
 
-	return receipts, allLogs, totalUsedGas, nil
+	return receipts, allLogs, *usedGas, nil
 }
 
 // ApplyTransaction attempts to apply a transaction to the given state database
 // and uses the input parameters for its environment. It returns the receipt
 // for the transaction, gas used and an error if the transaction failed,
 // indicating the block was invalid.
-func ApplyTransaction(config *params.ChainConfig, bc *BlockChain, author *common.Address, gp *GasPool, statedb *state.StateDB, header *types.Header, tx *types.Transaction, usedGas *big.Int, cfg vm.Config) (*types.Receipt, *big.Int, error) {
+func ApplyTransaction(config *params.ChainConfig, bc *BlockChain, author *common.Address, gp *GasPool, statedb *state.StateDB, header *types.Header, tx *types.Transaction, usedGas *uint64, cfg vm.Config) (*types.Receipt, uint64, error) {
 	msg, err := tx.AsMessage(types.MakeSigner(config, header.Number))
 	if err != nil {
-		return nil, nil, err
+		return nil, 0, err
 	}
 	// Create a new context to be used in the EVM environment
 	context := NewEVMContext(msg, header, bc, author)
@@ -100,9 +98,8 @@ func ApplyTransaction(config *params.ChainConfig, bc *BlockChain, author *common
 	// Apply the transaction to the current state (included in the env)
 	_, gas, failed, err := ApplyMessage(vmenv, msg, gp)
 	if err != nil {
-		return nil, nil, err
+		return nil, 0, err
 	}
-
 	// Update the state with pending changes
 	var root []byte
 	if config.IsByzantium(header.Number) {
@@ -110,18 +107,17 @@ func ApplyTransaction(config *params.ChainConfig, bc *BlockChain, author *common
 	} else {
 		root = statedb.IntermediateRoot(config.IsEIP158(header.Number)).Bytes()
 	}
-	usedGas.Add(usedGas, gas)
+	*usedGas += gas
 
 	// Create a new receipt for the transaction, storing the intermediate root and gas used by the tx
 	// based on the eip phase, we're passing wether the root touch-delete accounts.
-	receipt := types.NewReceipt(root, failed, usedGas)
+	receipt := types.NewReceipt(root, failed, *usedGas)
 	receipt.TxHash = tx.Hash()
-	receipt.GasUsed = new(big.Int).Set(gas)
+	receipt.GasUsed = gas
 	// if the transaction created a contract, store the creation address in the receipt.
 	if msg.To() == nil {
 		receipt.ContractAddress = crypto.CreateAddress(vmenv.Context.Origin, tx.Nonce())
 	}
-
 	// Set the receipt logs and create a bloom for filtering
 	receipt.Logs = statedb.GetLogs(tx.Hash())
 	receipt.Bloom = types.CreateBloom(types.Receipts{receipt})
diff --git a/core/state_transition.go b/core/state_transition.go
index e7a068589..390473fff 100644
--- a/core/state_transition.go
+++ b/core/state_transition.go
@@ -18,17 +18,16 @@ package core
 
 import (
 	"errors"
+	"math"
 	"math/big"
 
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/common"
-	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/common/math"
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/core/vm"
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/log"
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/params"
 )
 
 var (
-	Big0                         = big.NewInt(0)
 	errInsufficientBalanceForGas = errors.New("insufficient balance to pay for gas")
 )
 
@@ -54,7 +53,7 @@ type StateTransition struct {
 	msg        Message
 	gas        uint64
 	gasPrice   *big.Int
-	initialGas *big.Int
+	initialGas uint64
 	value      *big.Int
 	data       []byte
 	state      vm.StateDB
@@ -68,7 +67,7 @@ type Message interface {
 	To() *common.Address
 
 	GasPrice() *big.Int
-	Gas() *big.Int
+	Gas() uint64
 	Value() *big.Int
 
 	Nonce() uint64
@@ -76,45 +75,49 @@ type Message interface {
 	Data() []byte
 }
 
-// IntrinsicGas computes the 'intrinsic gas' for a message
-// with the given data.
-//
-// TODO convert to uint64
-func IntrinsicGas(data []byte, contractCreation, homestead bool) *big.Int {
-	igas := new(big.Int)
+// IntrinsicGas computes the 'intrinsic gas' for a message with the given data.
+func IntrinsicGas(data []byte, contractCreation, homestead bool) (uint64, error) {
+	// Set the starting gas for the raw transaction
+	var gas uint64
 	if contractCreation && homestead {
-		igas.SetUint64(params.TxGasContractCreation)
+		gas = params.TxGasContractCreation
 	} else {
-		igas.SetUint64(params.TxGas)
+		gas = params.TxGas
 	}
+	// Bump the required gas by the amount of transactional data
 	if len(data) > 0 {
-		var nz int64
+		// Zero and non-zero bytes are priced differently
+		var nz uint64
 		for _, byt := range data {
 			if byt != 0 {
 				nz++
 			}
 		}
-		m := big.NewInt(nz)
-		m.Mul(m, new(big.Int).SetUint64(params.TxDataNonZeroGas))
-		igas.Add(igas, m)
-		m.SetInt64(int64(len(data)) - nz)
-		m.Mul(m, new(big.Int).SetUint64(params.TxDataZeroGas))
-		igas.Add(igas, m)
+		// Make sure we don't exceed uint64 for all data combinations
+		if (math.MaxUint64-gas)/params.TxDataNonZeroGas < nz {
+			return 0, vm.ErrOutOfGas
+		}
+		gas += nz * params.TxDataNonZeroGas
+
+		z := uint64(len(data)) - nz
+		if (math.MaxUint64-gas)/params.TxDataZeroGas < z {
+			return 0, vm.ErrOutOfGas
+		}
+		gas += z * params.TxDataZeroGas
 	}
-	return igas
+	return gas, nil
 }
 
 // NewStateTransition initialises and returns a new state transition object.
 func NewStateTransition(evm *vm.EVM, msg Message, gp *GasPool) *StateTransition {
 	return &StateTransition{
-		gp:         gp,
-		evm:        evm,
-		msg:        msg,
-		gasPrice:   msg.GasPrice(),
-		initialGas: new(big.Int),
-		value:      msg.Value(),
-		data:       msg.Data(),
-		state:      evm.StateDB,
+		gp:       gp,
+		evm:      evm,
+		msg:      msg,
+		gasPrice: msg.GasPrice(),
+		value:    msg.Value(),
+		data:     msg.Data(),
+		state:    evm.StateDB,
 	}
 }
 
@@ -125,11 +128,8 @@ func NewStateTransition(evm *vm.EVM, msg Message, gp *GasPool) *StateTransition
 // the gas used (which includes gas refunds) and an error if it failed. An error always
 // indicates a core error meaning that the message would always fail for that particular
 // state and would never be accepted within a block.
-func ApplyMessage(evm *vm.EVM, msg Message, gp *GasPool) ([]byte, *big.Int, bool, error) {
-	st := NewStateTransition(evm, msg, gp)
-
-	ret, _, gasUsed, failed, err := st.TransitionDb()
-	return ret, gasUsed, failed, err
+func ApplyMessage(evm *vm.EVM, msg Message, gp *GasPool) ([]byte, uint64, bool, error) {
+	return NewStateTransition(evm, msg, gp).TransitionDb()
 }
 
 func (st *StateTransition) from() vm.AccountRef {
@@ -166,26 +166,20 @@ func (st *StateTransition) useGas(amount uint64) error {
 }
 
 func (st *StateTransition) buyGas() error {
-	mgas := st.msg.Gas()
-	if mgas.BitLen() > 64 {
-		return vm.ErrOutOfGas
-	}
-
-	mgval := new(big.Int).Mul(mgas, st.gasPrice)
-
 	var (
 		state  = st.state
 		sender = st.from()
 	)
+	mgval := new(big.Int).Mul(new(big.Int).SetUint64(st.msg.Gas()), st.gasPrice)
 	if state.GetBalance(sender.Address()).Cmp(mgval) < 0 {
 		return errInsufficientBalanceForGas
 	}
-	if err := st.gp.SubGas(mgas); err != nil {
+	if err := st.gp.SubGas(st.msg.Gas()); err != nil {
 		return err
 	}
-	st.gas += mgas.Uint64()
+	st.gas += st.msg.Gas()
 
-	st.initialGas.Set(mgas)
+	st.initialGas = st.msg.Gas()
 	state.SubBalance(sender.Address(), mgval)
 	return nil
 }
@@ -206,10 +200,10 @@ func (st *StateTransition) preCheck() error {
 	return st.buyGas()
 }
 
-// TransitionDb will transition the state by applying the current message and returning the result
-// including the required gas for the operation as well as the used gas. It returns an error if it
+// TransitionDb will transition the state by applying the current message and
+// returning the result including the the used gas. It returns an error if it
 // failed. An error indicates a consensus issue.
-func (st *StateTransition) TransitionDb() (ret []byte, requiredGas, usedGas *big.Int, failed bool, err error) {
+func (st *StateTransition) TransitionDb() (ret []byte, usedGas uint64, failed bool, err error) {
 	if err = st.preCheck(); err != nil {
 		return
 	}
@@ -220,13 +214,9 @@ func (st *StateTransition) TransitionDb() (ret []byte, requiredGas, usedGas *big
 	contractCreation := msg.To() == nil
 
 	// Pay intrinsic gas
-	// TODO convert to uint64
-	intrinsicGas := IntrinsicGas(st.data, contractCreation, homestead)
-	if intrinsicGas.BitLen() > 64 {
-		return nil, nil, nil, false, vm.ErrOutOfGas
-	}
-	if err = st.useGas(intrinsicGas.Uint64()); err != nil {
-		return nil, nil, nil, false, err
+	gas, err := IntrinsicGas(st.data, contractCreation, homestead)
+	if err = st.useGas(gas); err != nil {
+		return nil, 0, false, err
 	}
 
 	var (
@@ -249,36 +239,35 @@ func (st *StateTransition) TransitionDb() (ret []byte, requiredGas, usedGas *big
 		// sufficient balance to make the transfer happen. The first
 		// balance transfer may never fail.
 		if vmerr == vm.ErrInsufficientBalance {
-			return nil, nil, nil, false, vmerr
+			return nil, 0, false, vmerr
 		}
 	}
-	requiredGas = new(big.Int).Set(st.gasUsed())
-
 	st.refundGas()
-	st.state.AddBalance(st.evm.Coinbase, new(big.Int).Mul(st.gasUsed(), st.gasPrice))
+	st.state.AddBalance(st.evm.Coinbase, new(big.Int).Mul(new(big.Int).SetUint64(st.gasUsed()), st.gasPrice))
 
-	return ret, requiredGas, st.gasUsed(), vmerr != nil, err
+	return ret, st.gasUsed(), vmerr != nil, err
 }
 
 func (st *StateTransition) refundGas() {
-	// Return eth for remaining gas to the sender account,
-	// exchanged at the original rate.
-	sender := st.from() // err already checked
-	remaining := new(big.Int).Mul(new(big.Int).SetUint64(st.gas), st.gasPrice)
-	st.state.AddBalance(sender.Address(), remaining)
-
 	// Apply refund counter, capped to half of the used gas.
-	uhalf := remaining.Div(st.gasUsed(), common.Big2)
-	refund := math.BigMin(uhalf, st.state.GetRefund())
-	st.gas += refund.Uint64()
+	refund := st.gasUsed() / 2
+	if refund > st.state.GetRefund() {
+		refund = st.state.GetRefund()
+	}
+	st.gas += refund
 
-	st.state.AddBalance(sender.Address(), refund.Mul(refund, st.gasPrice))
+	// Return ETH for remaining gas, exchanged at the original rate.
+	sender := st.from()
+
+	remaining := new(big.Int).Mul(new(big.Int).SetUint64(st.gas), st.gasPrice)
+	st.state.AddBalance(sender.Address(), remaining)
 
 	// Also return remaining gas to the block gas counter so it is
 	// available for the next transaction.
-	st.gp.AddGas(new(big.Int).SetUint64(st.gas))
+	st.gp.AddGas(st.gas)
 }
 
-func (st *StateTransition) gasUsed() *big.Int {
-	return new(big.Int).Sub(st.initialGas, new(big.Int).SetUint64(st.gas))
+// gasUsed returns the amount of gas used up by the state transition.
+func (st *StateTransition) gasUsed() uint64 {
+	return st.initialGas - st.gas
 }
diff --git a/core/tx_list.go b/core/tx_list.go
index 838433b89..55fc42617 100644
--- a/core/tx_list.go
+++ b/core/tx_list.go
@@ -224,7 +224,7 @@ type txList struct {
 	txs    *txSortedMap // Heap indexed sorted hash map of the transactions
 
 	costcap *big.Int // Price of the highest costing transaction (reset only if exceeds balance)
-	gascap  *big.Int // Gas limit of the highest spending transaction (reset only if exceeds block limit)
+	gascap  uint64   // Gas limit of the highest spending transaction (reset only if exceeds block limit)
 }
 
 // newTxList create a new transaction list for maintaining nonce-indexable fast,
@@ -234,7 +234,6 @@ func newTxList(strict bool) *txList {
 		strict:  strict,
 		txs:     newTxSortedMap(),
 		costcap: new(big.Int),
-		gascap:  new(big.Int),
 	}
 }
 
@@ -266,7 +265,7 @@ func (l *txList) Add(tx *types.Transaction, priceBump uint64) (bool, *types.Tran
 	if cost := tx.Cost(); l.costcap.Cmp(cost) < 0 {
 		l.costcap = cost
 	}
-	if gas := tx.Gas(); l.gascap.Cmp(gas) < 0 {
+	if gas := tx.Gas(); l.gascap < gas {
 		l.gascap = gas
 	}
 	return true, old
@@ -288,16 +287,16 @@ func (l *txList) Forward(threshold uint64) types.Transactions {
 // a point in calculating all the costs or if the balance covers all. If the threshold
 // is lower than the costgas cap, the caps will be reset to a new high after removing
 // the newly invalidated transactions.
-func (l *txList) Filter(costLimit, gasLimit *big.Int) (types.Transactions, types.Transactions) {
+func (l *txList) Filter(costLimit *big.Int, gasLimit uint64) (types.Transactions, types.Transactions) {
 	// If all transactions are below the threshold, short circuit
-	if l.costcap.Cmp(costLimit) <= 0 && l.gascap.Cmp(gasLimit) <= 0 {
+	if l.costcap.Cmp(costLimit) <= 0 && l.gascap <= gasLimit {
 		return nil, nil
 	}
 	l.costcap = new(big.Int).Set(costLimit) // Lower the caps to the thresholds
-	l.gascap = new(big.Int).Set(gasLimit)
+	l.gascap = gasLimit
 
 	// Filter out all the transactions above the account's funds
-	removed := l.txs.Filter(func(tx *types.Transaction) bool { return tx.Cost().Cmp(costLimit) > 0 || tx.Gas().Cmp(gasLimit) > 0 })
+	removed := l.txs.Filter(func(tx *types.Transaction) bool { return tx.Cost().Cmp(costLimit) > 0 || tx.Gas() > gasLimit })
 
 	// If the list was strict, filter anything above the lowest nonce
 	var invalids types.Transactions
diff --git a/core/tx_list_test.go b/core/tx_list_test.go
index b4f0b5228..d579f501a 100644
--- a/core/tx_list_test.go
+++ b/core/tx_list_test.go
@@ -17,7 +17,6 @@
 package core
 
 import (
-	"math/big"
 	"math/rand"
 	"testing"
 
@@ -33,7 +32,7 @@ func TestStrictTxListAdd(t *testing.T) {
 
 	txs := make(types.Transactions, 1024)
 	for i := 0; i < len(txs); i++ {
-		txs[i] = transaction(uint64(i), new(big.Int), key)
+		txs[i] = transaction(uint64(i), 0, key)
 	}
 	// Insert the transactions in a random order
 	list := newTxList(true)
diff --git a/core/tx_pool.go b/core/tx_pool.go
index dade5d09f..dc3ddc423 100644
--- a/core/tx_pool.go
+++ b/core/tx_pool.go
@@ -197,7 +197,7 @@ type TxPool struct {
 
 	currentState  *state.StateDB      // Current state in the blockchain head
 	pendingState  *state.ManagedState // Pending state tracking virtual nonces
-	currentMaxGas *big.Int            // Current gas limit for transaction caps
+	currentMaxGas uint64              // Current gas limit for transaction caps
 
 	locals  *accountSet // Set of local transaction to exempt from eviction rules
 	journal *txJournal  // Journal of local transaction to back up to disk
@@ -564,7 +564,7 @@ func (pool *TxPool) validateTx(tx *types.Transaction, local bool) error {
 		return ErrNegativeValue
 	}
 	// Ensure the transaction doesn't exceed the current block limit gas.
-	if pool.currentMaxGas.Cmp(tx.Gas()) < 0 {
+	if pool.currentMaxGas < tx.Gas() {
 		return ErrGasLimit
 	}
 	// Make sure the transaction is signed properly
@@ -586,8 +586,11 @@ func (pool *TxPool) validateTx(tx *types.Transaction, local bool) error {
 	if pool.currentState.GetBalance(from).Cmp(tx.Cost()) < 0 {
 		return ErrInsufficientFunds
 	}
-	intrGas := IntrinsicGas(tx.Data(), tx.To() == nil, pool.homestead)
-	if tx.Gas().Cmp(intrGas) < 0 {
+	intrGas, err := IntrinsicGas(tx.Data(), tx.To() == nil, pool.homestead)
+	if err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+	if tx.Gas() < intrGas {
 		return ErrIntrinsicGas
 	}
 	return nil
diff --git a/core/tx_pool_test.go b/core/tx_pool_test.go
index 1f193a06c..cd11f2ba2 100644
--- a/core/tx_pool_test.go
+++ b/core/tx_pool_test.go
@@ -46,7 +46,7 @@ func init() {
 
 type testBlockChain struct {
 	statedb       *state.StateDB
-	gasLimit      *big.Int
+	gasLimit      uint64
 	chainHeadFeed *event.Feed
 }
 
@@ -68,11 +68,11 @@ func (bc *testBlockChain) SubscribeChainHeadEvent(ch chan<- ChainHeadEvent) even
 	return bc.chainHeadFeed.Subscribe(ch)
 }
 
-func transaction(nonce uint64, gaslimit *big.Int, key *ecdsa.PrivateKey) *types.Transaction {
+func transaction(nonce uint64, gaslimit uint64, key *ecdsa.PrivateKey) *types.Transaction {
 	return pricedTransaction(nonce, gaslimit, big.NewInt(1), key)
 }
 
-func pricedTransaction(nonce uint64, gaslimit, gasprice *big.Int, key *ecdsa.PrivateKey) *types.Transaction {
+func pricedTransaction(nonce uint64, gaslimit uint64, gasprice *big.Int, key *ecdsa.PrivateKey) *types.Transaction {
 	tx, _ := types.SignTx(types.NewTransaction(nonce, common.Address{}, big.NewInt(100), gaslimit, gasprice, nil), types.HomesteadSigner{}, key)
 	return tx
 }
@@ -80,7 +80,7 @@ func pricedTransaction(nonce uint64, gaslimit, gasprice *big.Int, key *ecdsa.Pri
 func setupTxPool() (*TxPool, *ecdsa.PrivateKey) {
 	db, _ := ethdb.NewMemDatabase()
 	statedb, _ := state.New(common.Hash{}, state.NewDatabase(db))
-	blockchain := &testBlockChain{statedb, big.NewInt(1000000), new(event.Feed)}
+	blockchain := &testBlockChain{statedb, 1000000, new(event.Feed)}
 
 	key, _ := crypto.GenerateKey()
 	pool := NewTxPool(testTxPoolConfig, params.TestChainConfig, blockchain)
@@ -184,10 +184,10 @@ func TestStateChangeDuringTransactionPoolReset(t *testing.T) {
 
 	// setup pool with 2 transaction in it
 	statedb.SetBalance(address, new(big.Int).SetUint64(params.Ether))
-	blockchain := &testChain{&testBlockChain{statedb, big.NewInt(1000000000), new(event.Feed)}, address, &trigger}
+	blockchain := &testChain{&testBlockChain{statedb, 1000000000, new(event.Feed)}, address, &trigger}
 
-	tx0 := transaction(0, big.NewInt(100000), key)
-	tx1 := transaction(1, big.NewInt(100000), key)
+	tx0 := transaction(0, 100000, key)
+	tx1 := transaction(1, 100000, key)
 
 	pool := NewTxPool(testTxPoolConfig, params.TestChainConfig, blockchain)
 	defer pool.Stop()
@@ -230,7 +230,7 @@ func TestInvalidTransactions(t *testing.T) {
 	pool, key := setupTxPool()
 	defer pool.Stop()
 
-	tx := transaction(0, big.NewInt(100), key)
+	tx := transaction(0, 100, key)
 	from, _ := deriveSender(tx)
 
 	pool.currentState.AddBalance(from, big.NewInt(1))
@@ -238,7 +238,7 @@ func TestInvalidTransactions(t *testing.T) {
 		t.Error("expected", ErrInsufficientFunds)
 	}
 
-	balance := new(big.Int).Add(tx.Value(), new(big.Int).Mul(tx.Gas(), tx.GasPrice()))
+	balance := new(big.Int).Add(tx.Value(), new(big.Int).Mul(new(big.Int).SetUint64(tx.Gas()), tx.GasPrice()))
 	pool.currentState.AddBalance(from, balance)
 	if err := pool.AddRemote(tx); err != ErrIntrinsicGas {
 		t.Error("expected", ErrIntrinsicGas, "got", err)
@@ -246,12 +246,12 @@ func TestInvalidTransactions(t *testing.T) {
 
 	pool.currentState.SetNonce(from, 1)
 	pool.currentState.AddBalance(from, big.NewInt(0xffffffffffffff))
-	tx = transaction(0, big.NewInt(100000), key)
+	tx = transaction(0, 100000, key)
 	if err := pool.AddRemote(tx); err != ErrNonceTooLow {
 		t.Error("expected", ErrNonceTooLow)
 	}
 
-	tx = transaction(1, big.NewInt(100000), key)
+	tx = transaction(1, 100000, key)
 	pool.gasPrice = big.NewInt(1000)
 	if err := pool.AddRemote(tx); err != ErrUnderpriced {
 		t.Error("expected", ErrUnderpriced, "got", err)
@@ -267,7 +267,7 @@ func TestTransactionQueue(t *testing.T) {
 	pool, key := setupTxPool()
 	defer pool.Stop()
 
-	tx := transaction(0, big.NewInt(100), key)
+	tx := transaction(0, 100, key)
 	from, _ := deriveSender(tx)
 	pool.currentState.AddBalance(from, big.NewInt(1000))
 	pool.lockedReset(nil, nil)
@@ -278,7 +278,7 @@ func TestTransactionQueue(t *testing.T) {
 		t.Error("expected valid txs to be 1 is", len(pool.pending))
 	}
 
-	tx = transaction(1, big.NewInt(100), key)
+	tx = transaction(1, 100, key)
 	from, _ = deriveSender(tx)
 	pool.currentState.SetNonce(from, 2)
 	pool.enqueueTx(tx.Hash(), tx)
@@ -294,9 +294,9 @@ func TestTransactionQueue(t *testing.T) {
 	pool, key = setupTxPool()
 	defer pool.Stop()
 
-	tx1 := transaction(0, big.NewInt(100), key)
-	tx2 := transaction(10, big.NewInt(100), key)
-	tx3 := transaction(11, big.NewInt(100), key)
+	tx1 := transaction(0, 100, key)
+	tx2 := transaction(10, 100, key)
+	tx3 := transaction(11, 100, key)
 	from, _ = deriveSender(tx1)
 	pool.currentState.AddBalance(from, big.NewInt(1000))
 	pool.lockedReset(nil, nil)
@@ -321,7 +321,7 @@ func TestTransactionNegativeValue(t *testing.T) {
 	pool, key := setupTxPool()
 	defer pool.Stop()
 
-	tx, _ := types.SignTx(types.NewTransaction(0, common.Address{}, big.NewInt(-1), big.NewInt(100), big.NewInt(1), nil), types.HomesteadSigner{}, key)
+	tx, _ := types.SignTx(types.NewTransaction(0, common.Address{}, big.NewInt(-1), 100, big.NewInt(1), nil), types.HomesteadSigner{}, key)
 	from, _ := deriveSender(tx)
 	pool.currentState.AddBalance(from, big.NewInt(1))
 	if err := pool.AddRemote(tx); err != ErrNegativeValue {
@@ -341,12 +341,12 @@ func TestTransactionChainFork(t *testing.T) {
 		statedb, _ := state.New(common.Hash{}, state.NewDatabase(db))
 		statedb.AddBalance(addr, big.NewInt(100000000000000))
 
-		pool.chain = &testBlockChain{statedb, big.NewInt(1000000), new(event.Feed)}
+		pool.chain = &testBlockChain{statedb, 1000000, new(event.Feed)}
 		pool.lockedReset(nil, nil)
 	}
 	resetState()
 
-	tx := transaction(0, big.NewInt(100000), key)
+	tx := transaction(0, 100000, key)
 	if _, err := pool.add(tx, false); err != nil {
 		t.Error("didn't expect error", err)
 	}
@@ -371,15 +371,15 @@ func TestTransactionDoubleNonce(t *testing.T) {
 		statedb, _ := state.New(common.Hash{}, state.NewDatabase(db))
 		statedb.AddBalance(addr, big.NewInt(100000000000000))
 
-		pool.chain = &testBlockChain{statedb, big.NewInt(1000000), new(event.Feed)}
+		pool.chain = &testBlockChain{statedb, 1000000, new(event.Feed)}
 		pool.lockedReset(nil, nil)
 	}
 	resetState()
 
 	signer := types.HomesteadSigner{}
-	tx1, _ := types.SignTx(types.NewTransaction(0, common.Address{}, big.NewInt(100), big.NewInt(100000), big.NewInt(1), nil), signer, key)
-	tx2, _ := types.SignTx(types.NewTransaction(0, common.Address{}, big.NewInt(100), big.NewInt(1000000), big.NewInt(2), nil), signer, key)
-	tx3, _ := types.SignTx(types.NewTransaction(0, common.Address{}, big.NewInt(100), big.NewInt(1000000), big.NewInt(1), nil), signer, key)
+	tx1, _ := types.SignTx(types.NewTransaction(0, common.Address{}, big.NewInt(100), 100000, big.NewInt(1), nil), signer, key)
+	tx2, _ := types.SignTx(types.NewTransaction(0, common.Address{}, big.NewInt(100), 1000000, big.NewInt(2), nil), signer, key)
+	tx3, _ := types.SignTx(types.NewTransaction(0, common.Address{}, big.NewInt(100), 1000000, big.NewInt(1), nil), signer, key)
 
 	// Add the first two transaction, ensure higher priced stays only
 	if replace, err := pool.add(tx1, false); err != nil || replace {
@@ -418,7 +418,7 @@ func TestTransactionMissingNonce(t *testing.T) {
 
 	addr := crypto.PubkeyToAddress(key.PublicKey)
 	pool.currentState.AddBalance(addr, big.NewInt(100000000000000))
-	tx := transaction(1, big.NewInt(100000), key)
+	tx := transaction(1, 100000, key)
 	if _, err := pool.add(tx, false); err != nil {
 		t.Error("didn't expect error", err)
 	}
@@ -445,7 +445,7 @@ func TestTransactionNonceRecovery(t *testing.T) {
 	pool.currentState.AddBalance(addr, big.NewInt(100000000000000))
 	pool.lockedReset(nil, nil)
 
-	tx := transaction(n, big.NewInt(100000), key)
+	tx := transaction(n, 100000, key)
 	if err := pool.AddRemote(tx); err != nil {
 		t.Error(err)
 	}
@@ -466,17 +466,17 @@ func TestTransactionDropping(t *testing.T) {
 	pool, key := setupTxPool()
 	defer pool.Stop()
 
-	account, _ := deriveSender(transaction(0, big.NewInt(0), key))
+	account, _ := deriveSender(transaction(0, 0, key))
 	pool.currentState.AddBalance(account, big.NewInt(1000))
 
 	// Add some pending and some queued transactions
 	var (
-		tx0  = transaction(0, big.NewInt(100), key)
-		tx1  = transaction(1, big.NewInt(200), key)
-		tx2  = transaction(2, big.NewInt(300), key)
-		tx10 = transaction(10, big.NewInt(100), key)
-		tx11 = transaction(11, big.NewInt(200), key)
-		tx12 = transaction(12, big.NewInt(300), key)
+		tx0  = transaction(0, 100, key)
+		tx1  = transaction(1, 200, key)
+		tx2  = transaction(2, 300, key)
+		tx10 = transaction(10, 100, key)
+		tx11 = transaction(11, 200, key)
+		tx12 = transaction(12, 300, key)
 	)
 	pool.promoteTx(account, tx0.Hash(), tx0)
 	pool.promoteTx(account, tx1.Hash(), tx1)
@@ -531,7 +531,7 @@ func TestTransactionDropping(t *testing.T) {
 		t.Errorf("total transaction mismatch: have %d, want %d", len(pool.all), 4)
 	}
 	// Reduce the block gas limit, check that invalidated transactions are dropped
-	pool.chain.(*testBlockChain).gasLimit = big.NewInt(100)
+	pool.chain.(*testBlockChain).gasLimit = 100
 	pool.lockedReset(nil, nil)
 
 	if _, ok := pool.pending[account].txs.items[tx0.Nonce()]; !ok {
@@ -561,7 +561,7 @@ func TestTransactionPostponing(t *testing.T) {
 	pool, key := setupTxPool()
 	defer pool.Stop()
 
-	account, _ := deriveSender(transaction(0, big.NewInt(0), key))
+	account, _ := deriveSender(transaction(0, 0, key))
 	pool.currentState.AddBalance(account, big.NewInt(1000))
 
 	// Add a batch consecutive pending transactions for validation
@@ -569,9 +569,9 @@ func TestTransactionPostponing(t *testing.T) {
 	for i := 0; i < 100; i++ {
 		var tx *types.Transaction
 		if i%2 == 0 {
-			tx = transaction(uint64(i), big.NewInt(100), key)
+			tx = transaction(uint64(i), 100, key)
 		} else {
-			tx = transaction(uint64(i), big.NewInt(500), key)
+			tx = transaction(uint64(i), 500, key)
 		}
 		pool.promoteTx(account, tx.Hash(), tx)
 		txns = append(txns, tx)
@@ -638,7 +638,7 @@ func TestTransactionGapFilling(t *testing.T) {
 	pool, key := setupTxPool()
 	defer pool.Stop()
 
-	account, _ := deriveSender(transaction(0, big.NewInt(0), key))
+	account, _ := deriveSender(transaction(0, 0, key))
 	pool.currentState.AddBalance(account, big.NewInt(1000000))
 
 	// Keep track of transaction events to ensure all executables get announced
@@ -647,10 +647,10 @@ func TestTransactionGapFilling(t *testing.T) {
 	defer sub.Unsubscribe()
 
 	// Create a pending and a queued transaction with a nonce-gap in between
-	if err := pool.AddRemote(transaction(0, big.NewInt(100000), key)); err != nil {
+	if err := pool.AddRemote(transaction(0, 100000, key)); err != nil {
 		t.Fatalf("failed to add pending transaction: %v", err)
 	}
-	if err := pool.AddRemote(transaction(2, big.NewInt(100000), key)); err != nil {
+	if err := pool.AddRemote(transaction(2, 100000, key)); err != nil {
 		t.Fatalf("failed to add queued transaction: %v", err)
 	}
 	pending, queued := pool.Stats()
@@ -667,7 +667,7 @@ func TestTransactionGapFilling(t *testing.T) {
 		t.Fatalf("pool internal state corrupted: %v", err)
 	}
 	// Fill the nonce gap and ensure all transactions become pending
-	if err := pool.AddRemote(transaction(1, big.NewInt(100000), key)); err != nil {
+	if err := pool.AddRemote(transaction(1, 100000, key)); err != nil {
 		t.Fatalf("failed to add gapped transaction: %v", err)
 	}
 	pending, queued = pool.Stats()
@@ -694,12 +694,12 @@ func TestTransactionQueueAccountLimiting(t *testing.T) {
 	pool, key := setupTxPool()
 	defer pool.Stop()
 
-	account, _ := deriveSender(transaction(0, big.NewInt(0), key))
+	account, _ := deriveSender(transaction(0, 0, key))
 	pool.currentState.AddBalance(account, big.NewInt(1000000))
 
 	// Keep queuing up transactions and make sure all above a limit are dropped
 	for i := uint64(1); i <= testTxPoolConfig.AccountQueue+5; i++ {
-		if err := pool.AddRemote(transaction(i, big.NewInt(100000), key)); err != nil {
+		if err := pool.AddRemote(transaction(i, 100000, key)); err != nil {
 			t.Fatalf("tx %d: failed to add transaction: %v", i, err)
 		}
 		if len(pool.pending) != 0 {
@@ -738,7 +738,7 @@ func testTransactionQueueGlobalLimiting(t *testing.T, nolocals bool) {
 	// Create the pool to test the limit enforcement with
 	db, _ := ethdb.NewMemDatabase()
 	statedb, _ := state.New(common.Hash{}, state.NewDatabase(db))
-	blockchain := &testBlockChain{statedb, big.NewInt(1000000), new(event.Feed)}
+	blockchain := &testBlockChain{statedb, 1000000, new(event.Feed)}
 
 	config := testTxPoolConfig
 	config.NoLocals = nolocals
@@ -763,7 +763,7 @@ func testTransactionQueueGlobalLimiting(t *testing.T, nolocals bool) {
 		key := keys[rand.Intn(len(keys)-1)] // skip adding transactions with the local account
 		addr := crypto.PubkeyToAddress(key.PublicKey)
 
-		txs = append(txs, transaction(nonces[addr]+1, big.NewInt(100000), key))
+		txs = append(txs, transaction(nonces[addr]+1, 100000, key))
 		nonces[addr]++
 	}
 	// Import the batch and verify that limits have been enforced
@@ -782,7 +782,7 @@ func testTransactionQueueGlobalLimiting(t *testing.T, nolocals bool) {
 	// Generate a batch of transactions from the local account and import them
 	txs = txs[:0]
 	for i := uint64(0); i < 3*config.GlobalQueue; i++ {
-		txs = append(txs, transaction(i+1, big.NewInt(100000), local))
+		txs = append(txs, transaction(i+1, 100000, local))
 	}
 	pool.AddLocals(txs)
 
@@ -827,7 +827,7 @@ func testTransactionQueueTimeLimiting(t *testing.T, nolocals bool) {
 	// Create the pool to test the non-expiration enforcement
 	db, _ := ethdb.NewMemDatabase()
 	statedb, _ := state.New(common.Hash{}, state.NewDatabase(db))
-	blockchain := &testBlockChain{statedb, big.NewInt(1000000), new(event.Feed)}
+	blockchain := &testBlockChain{statedb, 1000000, new(event.Feed)}
 
 	config := testTxPoolConfig
 	config.Lifetime = time.Second
@@ -844,10 +844,10 @@ func testTransactionQueueTimeLimiting(t *testing.T, nolocals bool) {
 	pool.currentState.AddBalance(crypto.PubkeyToAddress(remote.PublicKey), big.NewInt(1000000000))
 
 	// Add the two transactions and ensure they both are queued up
-	if err := pool.AddLocal(pricedTransaction(1, big.NewInt(100000), big.NewInt(1), local)); err != nil {
+	if err := pool.AddLocal(pricedTransaction(1, 100000, big.NewInt(1), local)); err != nil {
 		t.Fatalf("failed to add local transaction: %v", err)
 	}
-	if err := pool.AddRemote(pricedTransaction(1, big.NewInt(100000), big.NewInt(1), remote)); err != nil {
+	if err := pool.AddRemote(pricedTransaction(1, 100000, big.NewInt(1), remote)); err != nil {
 		t.Fatalf("failed to add remote transaction: %v", err)
 	}
 	pending, queued := pool.Stats()
@@ -891,7 +891,7 @@ func TestTransactionPendingLimiting(t *testing.T) {
 	pool, key := setupTxPool()
 	defer pool.Stop()
 
-	account, _ := deriveSender(transaction(0, big.NewInt(0), key))
+	account, _ := deriveSender(transaction(0, 0, key))
 	pool.currentState.AddBalance(account, big.NewInt(1000000))
 
 	// Keep track of transaction events to ensure all executables get announced
@@ -901,7 +901,7 @@ func TestTransactionPendingLimiting(t *testing.T) {
 
 	// Keep queuing up transactions and make sure all above a limit are dropped
 	for i := uint64(0); i < testTxPoolConfig.AccountQueue+5; i++ {
-		if err := pool.AddRemote(transaction(i, big.NewInt(100000), key)); err != nil {
+		if err := pool.AddRemote(transaction(i, 100000, key)); err != nil {
 			t.Fatalf("tx %d: failed to add transaction: %v", i, err)
 		}
 		if pool.pending[account].Len() != int(i)+1 {
@@ -934,11 +934,11 @@ func testTransactionLimitingEquivalency(t *testing.T, origin uint64) {
 	pool1, key1 := setupTxPool()
 	defer pool1.Stop()
 
-	account1, _ := deriveSender(transaction(0, big.NewInt(0), key1))
+	account1, _ := deriveSender(transaction(0, 0, key1))
 	pool1.currentState.AddBalance(account1, big.NewInt(1000000))
 
 	for i := uint64(0); i < testTxPoolConfig.AccountQueue+5; i++ {
-		if err := pool1.AddRemote(transaction(origin+i, big.NewInt(100000), key1)); err != nil {
+		if err := pool1.AddRemote(transaction(origin+i, 100000, key1)); err != nil {
 			t.Fatalf("tx %d: failed to add transaction: %v", i, err)
 		}
 	}
@@ -946,12 +946,12 @@ func testTransactionLimitingEquivalency(t *testing.T, origin uint64) {
 	pool2, key2 := setupTxPool()
 	defer pool2.Stop()
 
-	account2, _ := deriveSender(transaction(0, big.NewInt(0), key2))
+	account2, _ := deriveSender(transaction(0, 0, key2))
 	pool2.currentState.AddBalance(account2, big.NewInt(1000000))
 
 	txns := []*types.Transaction{}
 	for i := uint64(0); i < testTxPoolConfig.AccountQueue+5; i++ {
-		txns = append(txns, transaction(origin+i, big.NewInt(100000), key2))
+		txns = append(txns, transaction(origin+i, 100000, key2))
 	}
 	pool2.AddRemotes(txns)
 
@@ -982,7 +982,7 @@ func TestTransactionPendingGlobalLimiting(t *testing.T) {
 	// Create the pool to test the limit enforcement with
 	db, _ := ethdb.NewMemDatabase()
 	statedb, _ := state.New(common.Hash{}, state.NewDatabase(db))
-	blockchain := &testBlockChain{statedb, big.NewInt(1000000), new(event.Feed)}
+	blockchain := &testBlockChain{statedb, 1000000, new(event.Feed)}
 
 	config := testTxPoolConfig
 	config.GlobalSlots = config.AccountSlots * 10
@@ -1003,7 +1003,7 @@ func TestTransactionPendingGlobalLimiting(t *testing.T) {
 	for _, key := range keys {
 		addr := crypto.PubkeyToAddress(key.PublicKey)
 		for j := 0; j < int(config.GlobalSlots)/len(keys)*2; j++ {
-			txs = append(txs, transaction(nonces[addr], big.NewInt(100000), key))
+			txs = append(txs, transaction(nonces[addr], 100000, key))
 			nonces[addr]++
 		}
 	}
@@ -1029,7 +1029,7 @@ func TestTransactionCapClearsFromAll(t *testing.T) {
 	// Create the pool to test the limit enforcement with
 	db, _ := ethdb.NewMemDatabase()
 	statedb, _ := state.New(common.Hash{}, state.NewDatabase(db))
-	blockchain := &testBlockChain{statedb, big.NewInt(1000000), new(event.Feed)}
+	blockchain := &testBlockChain{statedb, 1000000, new(event.Feed)}
 
 	config := testTxPoolConfig
 	config.AccountSlots = 2
@@ -1046,7 +1046,7 @@ func TestTransactionCapClearsFromAll(t *testing.T) {
 
 	txs := types.Transactions{}
 	for j := 0; j < int(config.GlobalSlots)*2; j++ {
-		txs = append(txs, transaction(uint64(j), big.NewInt(100000), key))
+		txs = append(txs, transaction(uint64(j), 100000, key))
 	}
 	// Import the batch and verify that limits have been enforced
 	pool.AddRemotes(txs)
@@ -1064,7 +1064,7 @@ func TestTransactionPendingMinimumAllowance(t *testing.T) {
 	// Create the pool to test the limit enforcement with
 	db, _ := ethdb.NewMemDatabase()
 	statedb, _ := state.New(common.Hash{}, state.NewDatabase(db))
-	blockchain := &testBlockChain{statedb, big.NewInt(1000000), new(event.Feed)}
+	blockchain := &testBlockChain{statedb, 1000000, new(event.Feed)}
 
 	config := testTxPoolConfig
 	config.GlobalSlots = 0
@@ -1085,7 +1085,7 @@ func TestTransactionPendingMinimumAllowance(t *testing.T) {
 	for _, key := range keys {
 		addr := crypto.PubkeyToAddress(key.PublicKey)
 		for j := 0; j < int(config.AccountSlots)*2; j++ {
-			txs = append(txs, transaction(nonces[addr], big.NewInt(100000), key))
+			txs = append(txs, transaction(nonces[addr], 100000, key))
 			nonces[addr]++
 		}
 	}
@@ -1113,7 +1113,7 @@ func TestTransactionPoolRepricing(t *testing.T) {
 	// Create the pool to test the pricing enforcement with
 	db, _ := ethdb.NewMemDatabase()
 	statedb, _ := state.New(common.Hash{}, state.NewDatabase(db))
-	blockchain := &testBlockChain{statedb, big.NewInt(1000000), new(event.Feed)}
+	blockchain := &testBlockChain{statedb, 1000000, new(event.Feed)}
 
 	pool := NewTxPool(testTxPoolConfig, params.TestChainConfig, blockchain)
 	defer pool.Stop()
@@ -1132,15 +1132,15 @@ func TestTransactionPoolRepricing(t *testing.T) {
 	// Generate and queue a batch of transactions, both pending and queued
 	txs := types.Transactions{}
 
-	txs = append(txs, pricedTransaction(0, big.NewInt(100000), big.NewInt(2), keys[0]))
-	txs = append(txs, pricedTransaction(1, big.NewInt(100000), big.NewInt(1), keys[0]))
-	txs = append(txs, pricedTransaction(2, big.NewInt(100000), big.NewInt(2), keys[0]))
+	txs = append(txs, pricedTransaction(0, 100000, big.NewInt(2), keys[0]))
+	txs = append(txs, pricedTransaction(1, 100000, big.NewInt(1), keys[0]))
+	txs = append(txs, pricedTransaction(2, 100000, big.NewInt(2), keys[0]))
 
-	txs = append(txs, pricedTransaction(1, big.NewInt(100000), big.NewInt(2), keys[1]))
-	txs = append(txs, pricedTransaction(2, big.NewInt(100000), big.NewInt(1), keys[1]))
-	txs = append(txs, pricedTransaction(3, big.NewInt(100000), big.NewInt(2), keys[1]))
+	txs = append(txs, pricedTransaction(1, 100000, big.NewInt(2), keys[1]))
+	txs = append(txs, pricedTransaction(2, 100000, big.NewInt(1), keys[1]))
+	txs = append(txs, pricedTransaction(3, 100000, big.NewInt(2), keys[1]))
 
-	ltx := pricedTransaction(0, big.NewInt(100000), big.NewInt(1), keys[2])
+	ltx := pricedTransaction(0, 100000, big.NewInt(1), keys[2])
 
 	// Import the batch and that both pending and queued transactions match up
 	pool.AddRemotes(txs)
@@ -1176,10 +1176,10 @@ func TestTransactionPoolRepricing(t *testing.T) {
 		t.Fatalf("pool internal state corrupted: %v", err)
 	}
 	// Check that we can't add the old transactions back
-	if err := pool.AddRemote(pricedTransaction(1, big.NewInt(100000), big.NewInt(1), keys[0])); err != ErrUnderpriced {
+	if err := pool.AddRemote(pricedTransaction(1, 100000, big.NewInt(1), keys[0])); err != ErrUnderpriced {
 		t.Fatalf("adding underpriced pending transaction error mismatch: have %v, want %v", err, ErrUnderpriced)
 	}
-	if err := pool.AddRemote(pricedTransaction(2, big.NewInt(100000), big.NewInt(1), keys[1])); err != ErrUnderpriced {
+	if err := pool.AddRemote(pricedTransaction(2, 100000, big.NewInt(1), keys[1])); err != ErrUnderpriced {
 		t.Fatalf("adding underpriced queued transaction error mismatch: have %v, want %v", err, ErrUnderpriced)
 	}
 	if err := validateEvents(events, 0); err != nil {
@@ -1189,7 +1189,7 @@ func TestTransactionPoolRepricing(t *testing.T) {
 		t.Fatalf("pool internal state corrupted: %v", err)
 	}
 	// However we can add local underpriced transactions
-	tx := pricedTransaction(1, big.NewInt(100000), big.NewInt(1), keys[2])
+	tx := pricedTransaction(1, 100000, big.NewInt(1), keys[2])
 	if err := pool.AddLocal(tx); err != nil {
 		t.Fatalf("failed to add underpriced local transaction: %v", err)
 	}
@@ -1212,7 +1212,7 @@ func TestTransactionPoolRepricingKeepsLocals(t *testing.T) {
 	// Create the pool to test the pricing enforcement with
 	db, _ := ethdb.NewMemDatabase()
 	statedb, _ := state.New(common.Hash{}, state.NewDatabase(db))
-	blockchain := &testBlockChain{statedb, big.NewInt(1000000), new(event.Feed)}
+	blockchain := &testBlockChain{statedb, 1000000, new(event.Feed)}
 
 	pool := NewTxPool(testTxPoolConfig, params.TestChainConfig, blockchain)
 	defer pool.Stop()
@@ -1226,12 +1226,12 @@ func TestTransactionPoolRepricingKeepsLocals(t *testing.T) {
 	// Create transaction (both pending and queued) with a linearly growing gasprice
 	for i := uint64(0); i < 500; i++ {
 		// Add pending
-		p_tx := pricedTransaction(i, big.NewInt(100000), big.NewInt(int64(i)), keys[2])
+		p_tx := pricedTransaction(i, 100000, big.NewInt(int64(i)), keys[2])
 		if err := pool.AddLocal(p_tx); err != nil {
 			t.Fatal(err)
 		}
 		// Add queued
-		q_tx := pricedTransaction(i+501, big.NewInt(100000), big.NewInt(int64(i)), keys[2])
+		q_tx := pricedTransaction(i+501, 100000, big.NewInt(int64(i)), keys[2])
 		if err := pool.AddLocal(q_tx); err != nil {
 			t.Fatal(err)
 		}
@@ -1275,7 +1275,7 @@ func TestTransactionPoolUnderpricing(t *testing.T) {
 	// Create the pool to test the pricing enforcement with
 	db, _ := ethdb.NewMemDatabase()
 	statedb, _ := state.New(common.Hash{}, state.NewDatabase(db))
-	blockchain := &testBlockChain{statedb, big.NewInt(1000000), new(event.Feed)}
+	blockchain := &testBlockChain{statedb, 1000000, new(event.Feed)}
 
 	config := testTxPoolConfig
 	config.GlobalSlots = 2
@@ -1298,12 +1298,12 @@ func TestTransactionPoolUnderpricing(t *testing.T) {
 	// Generate and queue a batch of transactions, both pending and queued
 	txs := types.Transactions{}
 
-	txs = append(txs, pricedTransaction(0, big.NewInt(100000), big.NewInt(1), keys[0]))
-	txs = append(txs, pricedTransaction(1, big.NewInt(100000), big.NewInt(2), keys[0]))
+	txs = append(txs, pricedTransaction(0, 100000, big.NewInt(1), keys[0]))
+	txs = append(txs, pricedTransaction(1, 100000, big.NewInt(2), keys[0]))
 
-	txs = append(txs, pricedTransaction(1, big.NewInt(100000), big.NewInt(1), keys[1]))
+	txs = append(txs, pricedTransaction(1, 100000, big.NewInt(1), keys[1]))
 
-	ltx := pricedTransaction(0, big.NewInt(100000), big.NewInt(1), keys[2])
+	ltx := pricedTransaction(0, 100000, big.NewInt(1), keys[2])
 
 	// Import the batch and that both pending and queued transactions match up
 	pool.AddRemotes(txs)
@@ -1323,17 +1323,17 @@ func TestTransactionPoolUnderpricing(t *testing.T) {
 		t.Fatalf("pool internal state corrupted: %v", err)
 	}
 	// Ensure that adding an underpriced transaction on block limit fails
-	if err := pool.AddRemote(pricedTransaction(0, big.NewInt(100000), big.NewInt(1), keys[1])); err != ErrUnderpriced {
+	if err := pool.AddRemote(pricedTransaction(0, 100000, big.NewInt(1), keys[1])); err != ErrUnderpriced {
 		t.Fatalf("adding underpriced pending transaction error mismatch: have %v, want %v", err, ErrUnderpriced)
 	}
 	// Ensure that adding high priced transactions drops cheap ones, but not own
-	if err := pool.AddRemote(pricedTransaction(0, big.NewInt(100000), big.NewInt(3), keys[1])); err != nil {
+	if err := pool.AddRemote(pricedTransaction(0, 100000, big.NewInt(3), keys[1])); err != nil {
 		t.Fatalf("failed to add well priced transaction: %v", err)
 	}
-	if err := pool.AddRemote(pricedTransaction(2, big.NewInt(100000), big.NewInt(4), keys[1])); err != nil {
+	if err := pool.AddRemote(pricedTransaction(2, 100000, big.NewInt(4), keys[1])); err != nil {
 		t.Fatalf("failed to add well priced transaction: %v", err)
 	}
-	if err := pool.AddRemote(pricedTransaction(3, big.NewInt(100000), big.NewInt(5), keys[1])); err != nil {
+	if err := pool.AddRemote(pricedTransaction(3, 100000, big.NewInt(5), keys[1])); err != nil {
 		t.Fatalf("failed to add well priced transaction: %v", err)
 	}
 	pending, queued = pool.Stats()
@@ -1350,7 +1350,7 @@ func TestTransactionPoolUnderpricing(t *testing.T) {
 		t.Fatalf("pool internal state corrupted: %v", err)
 	}
 	// Ensure that adding local transactions can push out even higher priced ones
-	tx := pricedTransaction(1, big.NewInt(100000), big.NewInt(0), keys[2])
+	tx := pricedTransaction(1, 100000, big.NewInt(0), keys[2])
 	if err := pool.AddLocal(tx); err != nil {
 		t.Fatalf("failed to add underpriced local transaction: %v", err)
 	}
@@ -1377,7 +1377,7 @@ func TestTransactionReplacement(t *testing.T) {
 	// Create the pool to test the pricing enforcement with
 	db, _ := ethdb.NewMemDatabase()
 	statedb, _ := state.New(common.Hash{}, state.NewDatabase(db))
-	blockchain := &testBlockChain{statedb, big.NewInt(1000000), new(event.Feed)}
+	blockchain := &testBlockChain{statedb, 1000000, new(event.Feed)}
 
 	pool := NewTxPool(testTxPoolConfig, params.TestChainConfig, blockchain)
 	defer pool.Stop()
@@ -1395,49 +1395,49 @@ func TestTransactionReplacement(t *testing.T) {
 	price := int64(100)
 	threshold := (price * (100 + int64(testTxPoolConfig.PriceBump))) / 100
 
-	if err := pool.AddRemote(pricedTransaction(0, big.NewInt(100000), big.NewInt(1), key)); err != nil {
+	if err := pool.AddRemote(pricedTransaction(0, 100000, big.NewInt(1), key)); err != nil {
 		t.Fatalf("failed to add original cheap pending transaction: %v", err)
 	}
-	if err := pool.AddRemote(pricedTransaction(0, big.NewInt(100001), big.NewInt(1), key)); err != ErrReplaceUnderpriced {
+	if err := pool.AddRemote(pricedTransaction(0, 100001, big.NewInt(1), key)); err != ErrReplaceUnderpriced {
 		t.Fatalf("original cheap pending transaction replacement error mismatch: have %v, want %v", err, ErrReplaceUnderpriced)
 	}
-	if err := pool.AddRemote(pricedTransaction(0, big.NewInt(100000), big.NewInt(2), key)); err != nil {
+	if err := pool.AddRemote(pricedTransaction(0, 100000, big.NewInt(2), key)); err != nil {
 		t.Fatalf("failed to replace original cheap pending transaction: %v", err)
 	}
 	if err := validateEvents(events, 2); err != nil {
 		t.Fatalf("cheap replacement event firing failed: %v", err)
 	}
 
-	if err := pool.AddRemote(pricedTransaction(0, big.NewInt(100000), big.NewInt(price), key)); err != nil {
+	if err := pool.AddRemote(pricedTransaction(0, 100000, big.NewInt(price), key)); err != nil {
 		t.Fatalf("failed to add original proper pending transaction: %v", err)
 	}
-	if err := pool.AddRemote(pricedTransaction(0, big.NewInt(100001), big.NewInt(threshold-1), key)); err != ErrReplaceUnderpriced {
+	if err := pool.AddRemote(pricedTransaction(0, 100001, big.NewInt(threshold-1), key)); err != ErrReplaceUnderpriced {
 		t.Fatalf("original proper pending transaction replacement error mismatch: have %v, want %v", err, ErrReplaceUnderpriced)
 	}
-	if err := pool.AddRemote(pricedTransaction(0, big.NewInt(100000), big.NewInt(threshold), key)); err != nil {
+	if err := pool.AddRemote(pricedTransaction(0, 100000, big.NewInt(threshold), key)); err != nil {
 		t.Fatalf("failed to replace original proper pending transaction: %v", err)
 	}
 	if err := validateEvents(events, 2); err != nil {
 		t.Fatalf("proper replacement event firing failed: %v", err)
 	}
 	// Add queued transactions, ensuring the minimum price bump is enforced for replacement (for ultra low prices too)
-	if err := pool.AddRemote(pricedTransaction(2, big.NewInt(100000), big.NewInt(1), key)); err != nil {
+	if err := pool.AddRemote(pricedTransaction(2, 100000, big.NewInt(1), key)); err != nil {
 		t.Fatalf("failed to add original cheap queued transaction: %v", err)
 	}
-	if err := pool.AddRemote(pricedTransaction(2, big.NewInt(100001), big.NewInt(1), key)); err != ErrReplaceUnderpriced {
+	if err := pool.AddRemote(pricedTransaction(2, 100001, big.NewInt(1), key)); err != ErrReplaceUnderpriced {
 		t.Fatalf("original cheap queued transaction replacement error mismatch: have %v, want %v", err, ErrReplaceUnderpriced)
 	}
-	if err := pool.AddRemote(pricedTransaction(2, big.NewInt(100000), big.NewInt(2), key)); err != nil {
+	if err := pool.AddRemote(pricedTransaction(2, 100000, big.NewInt(2), key)); err != nil {
 		t.Fatalf("failed to replace original cheap queued transaction: %v", err)
 	}
 
-	if err := pool.AddRemote(pricedTransaction(2, big.NewInt(100000), big.NewInt(price), key)); err != nil {
+	if err := pool.AddRemote(pricedTransaction(2, 100000, big.NewInt(price), key)); err != nil {
 		t.Fatalf("failed to add original proper queued transaction: %v", err)
 	}
-	if err := pool.AddRemote(pricedTransaction(2, big.NewInt(100001), big.NewInt(threshold-1), key)); err != ErrReplaceUnderpriced {
+	if err := pool.AddRemote(pricedTransaction(2, 100001, big.NewInt(threshold-1), key)); err != ErrReplaceUnderpriced {
 		t.Fatalf("original proper queued transaction replacement error mismatch: have %v, want %v", err, ErrReplaceUnderpriced)
 	}
-	if err := pool.AddRemote(pricedTransaction(2, big.NewInt(100000), big.NewInt(threshold), key)); err != nil {
+	if err := pool.AddRemote(pricedTransaction(2, 100000, big.NewInt(threshold), key)); err != nil {
 		t.Fatalf("failed to replace original proper queued transaction: %v", err)
 	}
 
@@ -1472,7 +1472,7 @@ func testTransactionJournaling(t *testing.T, nolocals bool) {
 	// Create the original pool to inject transaction into the journal
 	db, _ := ethdb.NewMemDatabase()
 	statedb, _ := state.New(common.Hash{}, state.NewDatabase(db))
-	blockchain := &testBlockChain{statedb, big.NewInt(1000000), new(event.Feed)}
+	blockchain := &testBlockChain{statedb, 1000000, new(event.Feed)}
 
 	config := testTxPoolConfig
 	config.NoLocals = nolocals
@@ -1489,16 +1489,16 @@ func testTransactionJournaling(t *testing.T, nolocals bool) {
 	pool.currentState.AddBalance(crypto.PubkeyToAddress(remote.PublicKey), big.NewInt(1000000000))
 
 	// Add three local and a remote transactions and ensure they are queued up
-	if err := pool.AddLocal(pricedTransaction(0, big.NewInt(100000), big.NewInt(1), local)); err != nil {
+	if err := pool.AddLocal(pricedTransaction(0, 100000, big.NewInt(1), local)); err != nil {
 		t.Fatalf("failed to add local transaction: %v", err)
 	}
-	if err := pool.AddLocal(pricedTransaction(1, big.NewInt(100000), big.NewInt(1), local)); err != nil {
+	if err := pool.AddLocal(pricedTransaction(1, 100000, big.NewInt(1), local)); err != nil {
 		t.Fatalf("failed to add local transaction: %v", err)
 	}
-	if err := pool.AddLocal(pricedTransaction(2, big.NewInt(100000), big.NewInt(1), local)); err != nil {
+	if err := pool.AddLocal(pricedTransaction(2, 100000, big.NewInt(1), local)); err != nil {
 		t.Fatalf("failed to add local transaction: %v", err)
 	}
-	if err := pool.AddRemote(pricedTransaction(0, big.NewInt(100000), big.NewInt(1), remote)); err != nil {
+	if err := pool.AddRemote(pricedTransaction(0, 100000, big.NewInt(1), remote)); err != nil {
 		t.Fatalf("failed to add remote transaction: %v", err)
 	}
 	pending, queued := pool.Stats()
@@ -1514,7 +1514,7 @@ func testTransactionJournaling(t *testing.T, nolocals bool) {
 	// Terminate the old pool, bump the local nonce, create a new pool and ensure relevant transaction survive
 	pool.Stop()
 	statedb.SetNonce(crypto.PubkeyToAddress(local.PublicKey), 1)
-	blockchain = &testBlockChain{statedb, big.NewInt(1000000), new(event.Feed)}
+	blockchain = &testBlockChain{statedb, 1000000, new(event.Feed)}
 
 	pool = NewTxPool(config, params.TestChainConfig, blockchain)
 
@@ -1541,7 +1541,7 @@ func testTransactionJournaling(t *testing.T, nolocals bool) {
 	pool.Stop()
 
 	statedb.SetNonce(crypto.PubkeyToAddress(local.PublicKey), 1)
-	blockchain = &testBlockChain{statedb, big.NewInt(1000000), new(event.Feed)}
+	blockchain = &testBlockChain{statedb, 1000000, new(event.Feed)}
 	pool = NewTxPool(config, params.TestChainConfig, blockchain)
 
 	pending, queued = pool.Stats()
@@ -1571,7 +1571,7 @@ func TestTransactionStatusCheck(t *testing.T) {
 	// Create the pool to test the status retrievals with
 	db, _ := ethdb.NewMemDatabase()
 	statedb, _ := state.New(common.Hash{}, state.NewDatabase(db))
-	blockchain := &testBlockChain{statedb, big.NewInt(1000000), new(event.Feed)}
+	blockchain := &testBlockChain{statedb, 1000000, new(event.Feed)}
 
 	pool := NewTxPool(testTxPoolConfig, params.TestChainConfig, blockchain)
 	defer pool.Stop()
@@ -1585,10 +1585,10 @@ func TestTransactionStatusCheck(t *testing.T) {
 	// Generate and queue a batch of transactions, both pending and queued
 	txs := types.Transactions{}
 
-	txs = append(txs, pricedTransaction(0, big.NewInt(100000), big.NewInt(1), keys[0])) // Pending only
-	txs = append(txs, pricedTransaction(0, big.NewInt(100000), big.NewInt(1), keys[1])) // Pending and queued
-	txs = append(txs, pricedTransaction(2, big.NewInt(100000), big.NewInt(1), keys[1]))
-	txs = append(txs, pricedTransaction(2, big.NewInt(100000), big.NewInt(1), keys[2])) // Queued only
+	txs = append(txs, pricedTransaction(0, 100000, big.NewInt(1), keys[0])) // Pending only
+	txs = append(txs, pricedTransaction(0, 100000, big.NewInt(1), keys[1])) // Pending and queued
+	txs = append(txs, pricedTransaction(2, 100000, big.NewInt(1), keys[1]))
+	txs = append(txs, pricedTransaction(2, 100000, big.NewInt(1), keys[2])) // Queued only
 
 	// Import the transaction and ensure they are correctly added
 	pool.AddRemotes(txs)
@@ -1631,11 +1631,11 @@ func benchmarkPendingDemotion(b *testing.B, size int) {
 	pool, key := setupTxPool()
 	defer pool.Stop()
 
-	account, _ := deriveSender(transaction(0, big.NewInt(0), key))
+	account, _ := deriveSender(transaction(0, 0, key))
 	pool.currentState.AddBalance(account, big.NewInt(1000000))
 
 	for i := 0; i < size; i++ {
-		tx := transaction(uint64(i), big.NewInt(100000), key)
+		tx := transaction(uint64(i), 100000, key)
 		pool.promoteTx(account, tx.Hash(), tx)
 	}
 	// Benchmark the speed of pool validation
@@ -1656,11 +1656,11 @@ func benchmarkFuturePromotion(b *testing.B, size int) {
 	pool, key := setupTxPool()
 	defer pool.Stop()
 
-	account, _ := deriveSender(transaction(0, big.NewInt(0), key))
+	account, _ := deriveSender(transaction(0, 0, key))
 	pool.currentState.AddBalance(account, big.NewInt(1000000))
 
 	for i := 0; i < size; i++ {
-		tx := transaction(uint64(1+i), big.NewInt(100000), key)
+		tx := transaction(uint64(1+i), 100000, key)
 		pool.enqueueTx(tx.Hash(), tx)
 	}
 	// Benchmark the speed of pool validation
@@ -1676,12 +1676,12 @@ func BenchmarkPoolInsert(b *testing.B) {
 	pool, key := setupTxPool()
 	defer pool.Stop()
 
-	account, _ := deriveSender(transaction(0, big.NewInt(0), key))
+	account, _ := deriveSender(transaction(0, 0, key))
 	pool.currentState.AddBalance(account, big.NewInt(1000000))
 
 	txs := make(types.Transactions, b.N)
 	for i := 0; i < b.N; i++ {
-		txs[i] = transaction(uint64(i), big.NewInt(100000), key)
+		txs[i] = transaction(uint64(i), 100000, key)
 	}
 	// Benchmark importing the transactions into the queue
 	b.ResetTimer()
@@ -1700,14 +1700,14 @@ func benchmarkPoolBatchInsert(b *testing.B, size int) {
 	pool, key := setupTxPool()
 	defer pool.Stop()
 
-	account, _ := deriveSender(transaction(0, big.NewInt(0), key))
+	account, _ := deriveSender(transaction(0, 0, key))
 	pool.currentState.AddBalance(account, big.NewInt(1000000))
 
 	batches := make([]types.Transactions, b.N)
 	for i := 0; i < b.N; i++ {
 		batches[i] = make(types.Transactions, size)
 		for j := 0; j < size; j++ {
-			batches[i][j] = transaction(uint64(size*i+j), big.NewInt(100000), key)
+			batches[i][j] = transaction(uint64(size*i+j), 100000, key)
 		}
 	}
 	// Benchmark importing the transactions into the queue
diff --git a/core/types.go b/core/types.go
index 1cfbbab29..d0bbaf0aa 100644
--- a/core/types.go
+++ b/core/types.go
@@ -17,8 +17,6 @@
 package core
 
 import (
-	"math/big"
-
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/core/state"
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/core/types"
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/core/vm"
@@ -34,7 +32,7 @@ type Validator interface {
 
 	// ValidateState validates the given statedb and optionally the receipts and
 	// gas used.
-	ValidateState(block, parent *types.Block, state *state.StateDB, receipts types.Receipts, usedGas *big.Int) error
+	ValidateState(block, parent *types.Block, state *state.StateDB, receipts types.Receipts, usedGas uint64) error
 }
 
 // Processor is an interface for processing blocks using a given initial state.
@@ -44,5 +42,5 @@ type Validator interface {
 // of gas used in the process and return an error if any of the internal rules
 // failed.
 type Processor interface {
-	Process(block *types.Block, statedb *state.StateDB, cfg vm.Config) (types.Receipts, []*types.Log, *big.Int, error)
+	Process(block *types.Block, statedb *state.StateDB, cfg vm.Config) (types.Receipts, []*types.Log, uint64, error)
 }
diff --git a/core/types/block.go b/core/types/block.go
index 1d00d9f93..9be62b9e0 100644
--- a/core/types/block.go
+++ b/core/types/block.go
@@ -77,8 +77,8 @@ type Header struct {
 	Bloom       Bloom          `json:"logsBloom"        gencodec:"required"`
 	Difficulty  *big.Int       `json:"difficulty"       gencodec:"required"`
 	Number      *big.Int       `json:"number"           gencodec:"required"`
-	GasLimit    *big.Int       `json:"gasLimit"         gencodec:"required"`
-	GasUsed     *big.Int       `json:"gasUsed"          gencodec:"required"`
+	GasLimit    uint64         `json:"gasLimit"         gencodec:"required"`
+	GasUsed     uint64         `json:"gasUsed"          gencodec:"required"`
 	Time        *big.Int       `json:"timestamp"        gencodec:"required"`
 	Extra       []byte         `json:"extraData"        gencodec:"required"`
 	MixDigest   common.Hash    `json:"mixHash"          gencodec:"required"`
@@ -89,8 +89,8 @@ type Header struct {
 type headerMarshaling struct {
 	Difficulty *hexutil.Big
 	Number     *hexutil.Big
-	GasLimit   *hexutil.Big
-	GasUsed    *hexutil.Big
+	GasLimit   *hexutil.Uint64
+	GasUsed    *hexutil.Uint64
 	Time       *hexutil.Big
 	Extra      hexutil.Bytes
 	Hash       common.Hash `json:"hash"` // adds call to Hash() in MarshalJSON
@@ -243,12 +243,6 @@ func CopyHeader(h *Header) *Header {
 	if cpy.Number = new(big.Int); h.Number != nil {
 		cpy.Number.Set(h.Number)
 	}
-	if cpy.GasLimit = new(big.Int); h.GasLimit != nil {
-		cpy.GasLimit.Set(h.GasLimit)
-	}
-	if cpy.GasUsed = new(big.Int); h.GasUsed != nil {
-		cpy.GasUsed.Set(h.GasUsed)
-	}
 	if len(h.Extra) > 0 {
 		cpy.Extra = make([]byte, len(h.Extra))
 		copy(cpy.Extra, h.Extra)
@@ -302,8 +296,8 @@ func (b *Block) Transaction(hash common.Hash) *Transaction {
 }
 
 func (b *Block) Number() *big.Int     { return new(big.Int).Set(b.header.Number) }
-func (b *Block) GasLimit() *big.Int   { return new(big.Int).Set(b.header.GasLimit) }
-func (b *Block) GasUsed() *big.Int    { return new(big.Int).Set(b.header.GasUsed) }
+func (b *Block) GasLimit() uint64     { return b.header.GasLimit }
+func (b *Block) GasUsed() uint64      { return b.header.GasUsed }
 func (b *Block) Difficulty() *big.Int { return new(big.Int).Set(b.header.Difficulty) }
 func (b *Block) Time() *big.Int       { return new(big.Int).Set(b.header.Time) }
 
diff --git a/core/types/block_test.go b/core/types/block_test.go
index 93435ca00..a35fbc25b 100644
--- a/core/types/block_test.go
+++ b/core/types/block_test.go
@@ -41,8 +41,8 @@ func TestBlockEncoding(t *testing.T) {
 		}
 	}
 	check("Difficulty", block.Difficulty(), big.NewInt(131072))
-	check("GasLimit", block.GasLimit(), big.NewInt(3141592))
-	check("GasUsed", block.GasUsed(), big.NewInt(21000))
+	check("GasLimit", block.GasLimit(), uint64(3141592))
+	check("GasUsed", block.GasUsed(), uint64(21000))
 	check("Coinbase", block.Coinbase(), common.HexToAddress("8888f1f195afa192cfee860698584c030f4c9db1"))
 	check("MixDigest", block.MixDigest(), common.HexToHash("bd4472abb6659ebe3ee06ee4d7b72a00a9f4d001caca51342001075469aff498"))
 	check("Root", block.Root(), common.HexToHash("ef1552a40b7165c3cd773806b9e0c165b75356e0314bf0706f279c729f51e017"))
@@ -51,7 +51,7 @@ func TestBlockEncoding(t *testing.T) {
 	check("Time", block.Time(), big.NewInt(1426516743))
 	check("Size", block.Size(), common.StorageSize(len(blockEnc)))
 
-	tx1 := NewTransaction(0, common.HexToAddress("095e7baea6a6c7c4c2dfeb977efac326af552d87"), big.NewInt(10), big.NewInt(50000), big.NewInt(10), nil)
+	tx1 := NewTransaction(0, common.HexToAddress("095e7baea6a6c7c4c2dfeb977efac326af552d87"), big.NewInt(10), 50000, big.NewInt(10), nil)
 
 	tx1, _ = tx1.WithSignature(HomesteadSigner{}, common.Hex2Bytes("9bea4c4daac7c7c52e093e6a4c35dbbcf8856f1af7b059ba20253e70848d094f8a8fae537ce25ed8cb5af9adac3f141af69bd515bd2ba031522df09b97dd72b100"))
 	fmt.Println(block.Transactions()[0].Hash())
diff --git a/core/types/gen_header_json.go b/core/types/gen_header_json.go
index bcff7a940..8af059104 100644
--- a/core/types/gen_header_json.go
+++ b/core/types/gen_header_json.go
@@ -22,8 +22,8 @@ func (h Header) MarshalJSON() ([]byte, error) {
 		Bloom       Bloom          `json:"logsBloom"        gencodec:"required"`
 		Difficulty  *hexutil.Big   `json:"difficulty"       gencodec:"required"`
 		Number      *hexutil.Big   `json:"number"           gencodec:"required"`
-		GasLimit    *hexutil.Big   `json:"gasLimit"         gencodec:"required"`
-		GasUsed     *hexutil.Big   `json:"gasUsed"          gencodec:"required"`
+		GasLimit    hexutil.Uint64 `json:"gasLimit"         gencodec:"required"`
+		GasUsed     hexutil.Uint64 `json:"gasUsed"          gencodec:"required"`
 		Time        *hexutil.Big   `json:"timestamp"        gencodec:"required"`
 		Extra       hexutil.Bytes  `json:"extraData"        gencodec:"required"`
 		MixDigest   common.Hash    `json:"mixHash"          gencodec:"required"`
@@ -40,8 +40,8 @@ func (h Header) MarshalJSON() ([]byte, error) {
 	enc.Bloom = h.Bloom
 	enc.Difficulty = (*hexutil.Big)(h.Difficulty)
 	enc.Number = (*hexutil.Big)(h.Number)
-	enc.GasLimit = (*hexutil.Big)(h.GasLimit)
-	enc.GasUsed = (*hexutil.Big)(h.GasUsed)
+	enc.GasLimit = hexutil.Uint64(h.GasLimit)
+	enc.GasUsed = hexutil.Uint64(h.GasUsed)
 	enc.Time = (*hexutil.Big)(h.Time)
 	enc.Extra = h.Extra
 	enc.MixDigest = h.MixDigest
@@ -61,8 +61,8 @@ func (h *Header) UnmarshalJSON(input []byte) error {
 		Bloom       *Bloom          `json:"logsBloom"        gencodec:"required"`
 		Difficulty  *hexutil.Big    `json:"difficulty"       gencodec:"required"`
 		Number      *hexutil.Big    `json:"number"           gencodec:"required"`
-		GasLimit    *hexutil.Big    `json:"gasLimit"         gencodec:"required"`
-		GasUsed     *hexutil.Big    `json:"gasUsed"          gencodec:"required"`
+		GasLimit    *hexutil.Uint64 `json:"gasLimit"         gencodec:"required"`
+		GasUsed     *hexutil.Uint64 `json:"gasUsed"          gencodec:"required"`
 		Time        *hexutil.Big    `json:"timestamp"        gencodec:"required"`
 		Extra       hexutil.Bytes   `json:"extraData"        gencodec:"required"`
 		MixDigest   *common.Hash    `json:"mixHash"          gencodec:"required"`
@@ -111,11 +111,11 @@ func (h *Header) UnmarshalJSON(input []byte) error {
 	if dec.GasLimit == nil {
 		return errors.New("missing required field 'gasLimit' for Header")
 	}
-	h.GasLimit = (*big.Int)(dec.GasLimit)
+	h.GasLimit = (uint64)(*dec.GasLimit)
 	if dec.GasUsed == nil {
 		return errors.New("missing required field 'gasUsed' for Header")
 	}
-	h.GasUsed = (*big.Int)(dec.GasUsed)
+	h.GasUsed = (uint64)(*dec.GasUsed)
 	if dec.Time == nil {
 		return errors.New("missing required field 'timestamp' for Header")
 	}
diff --git a/core/types/gen_receipt_json.go b/core/types/gen_receipt_json.go
index b95d99c95..520966874 100644
--- a/core/types/gen_receipt_json.go
+++ b/core/types/gen_receipt_json.go
@@ -5,7 +5,6 @@ package types
 import (
 	"encoding/json"
 	"errors"
-	"math/big"
 
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/common"
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/common/hexutil"
@@ -15,22 +14,22 @@ func (r Receipt) MarshalJSON() ([]byte, error) {
 	type Receipt struct {
 		PostState         hexutil.Bytes  `json:"root"`
 		Status            hexutil.Uint   `json:"status"`
-		CumulativeGasUsed *hexutil.Big   `json:"cumulativeGasUsed" gencodec:"required"`
+		CumulativeGasUsed hexutil.Uint64 `json:"cumulativeGasUsed" gencodec:"required"`
 		Bloom             Bloom          `json:"logsBloom"         gencodec:"required"`
 		Logs              []*Log         `json:"logs"              gencodec:"required"`
 		TxHash            common.Hash    `json:"transactionHash" gencodec:"required"`
 		ContractAddress   common.Address `json:"contractAddress"`
-		GasUsed           *hexutil.Big   `json:"gasUsed" gencodec:"required"`
+		GasUsed           hexutil.Uint64 `json:"gasUsed" gencodec:"required"`
 	}
 	var enc Receipt
 	enc.PostState = r.PostState
 	enc.Status = hexutil.Uint(r.Status)
-	enc.CumulativeGasUsed = (*hexutil.Big)(r.CumulativeGasUsed)
+	enc.CumulativeGasUsed = hexutil.Uint64(r.CumulativeGasUsed)
 	enc.Bloom = r.Bloom
 	enc.Logs = r.Logs
 	enc.TxHash = r.TxHash
 	enc.ContractAddress = r.ContractAddress
-	enc.GasUsed = (*hexutil.Big)(r.GasUsed)
+	enc.GasUsed = hexutil.Uint64(r.GasUsed)
 	return json.Marshal(&enc)
 }
 
@@ -38,12 +37,12 @@ func (r *Receipt) UnmarshalJSON(input []byte) error {
 	type Receipt struct {
 		PostState         hexutil.Bytes   `json:"root"`
 		Status            *hexutil.Uint   `json:"status"`
-		CumulativeGasUsed *hexutil.Big    `json:"cumulativeGasUsed" gencodec:"required"`
+		CumulativeGasUsed *hexutil.Uint64 `json:"cumulativeGasUsed" gencodec:"required"`
 		Bloom             *Bloom          `json:"logsBloom"         gencodec:"required"`
 		Logs              []*Log          `json:"logs"              gencodec:"required"`
 		TxHash            *common.Hash    `json:"transactionHash" gencodec:"required"`
 		ContractAddress   *common.Address `json:"contractAddress"`
-		GasUsed           *hexutil.Big    `json:"gasUsed" gencodec:"required"`
+		GasUsed           *hexutil.Uint64 `json:"gasUsed" gencodec:"required"`
 	}
 	var dec Receipt
 	if err := json.Unmarshal(input, &dec); err != nil {
@@ -58,7 +57,7 @@ func (r *Receipt) UnmarshalJSON(input []byte) error {
 	if dec.CumulativeGasUsed == nil {
 		return errors.New("missing required field 'cumulativeGasUsed' for Receipt")
 	}
-	r.CumulativeGasUsed = (*big.Int)(dec.CumulativeGasUsed)
+	r.CumulativeGasUsed = uint64(*dec.CumulativeGasUsed)
 	if dec.Bloom == nil {
 		return errors.New("missing required field 'logsBloom' for Receipt")
 	}
@@ -77,6 +76,6 @@ func (r *Receipt) UnmarshalJSON(input []byte) error {
 	if dec.GasUsed == nil {
 		return errors.New("missing required field 'gasUsed' for Receipt")
 	}
-	r.GasUsed = (*big.Int)(dec.GasUsed)
+	r.GasUsed = uint64(*dec.GasUsed)
 	return nil
 }
diff --git a/core/types/gen_tx_json.go b/core/types/gen_tx_json.go
index 4fb658e0d..a82822c36 100644
--- a/core/types/gen_tx_json.go
+++ b/core/types/gen_tx_json.go
@@ -15,7 +15,7 @@ func (t txdata) MarshalJSON() ([]byte, error) {
 	type txdata struct {
 		AccountNonce hexutil.Uint64  `json:"nonce"    gencodec:"required"`
 		Price        *hexutil.Big    `json:"gasPrice" gencodec:"required"`
-		GasLimit     *hexutil.Big    `json:"gas"      gencodec:"required"`
+		GasLimit     hexutil.Uint64  `json:"gas"      gencodec:"required"`
 		Recipient    *common.Address `json:"to"       rlp:"nil"`
 		Amount       *hexutil.Big    `json:"value"    gencodec:"required"`
 		Payload      hexutil.Bytes   `json:"input"    gencodec:"required"`
@@ -27,7 +27,7 @@ func (t txdata) MarshalJSON() ([]byte, error) {
 	var enc txdata
 	enc.AccountNonce = hexutil.Uint64(t.AccountNonce)
 	enc.Price = (*hexutil.Big)(t.Price)
-	enc.GasLimit = (*hexutil.Big)(t.GasLimit)
+	enc.GasLimit = hexutil.Uint64(t.GasLimit)
 	enc.Recipient = t.Recipient
 	enc.Amount = (*hexutil.Big)(t.Amount)
 	enc.Payload = t.Payload
@@ -42,7 +42,7 @@ func (t *txdata) UnmarshalJSON(input []byte) error {
 	type txdata struct {
 		AccountNonce *hexutil.Uint64 `json:"nonce"    gencodec:"required"`
 		Price        *hexutil.Big    `json:"gasPrice" gencodec:"required"`
-		GasLimit     *hexutil.Big    `json:"gas"      gencodec:"required"`
+		GasLimit     *hexutil.Uint64 `json:"gas"      gencodec:"required"`
 		Recipient    *common.Address `json:"to"       rlp:"nil"`
 		Amount       *hexutil.Big    `json:"value"    gencodec:"required"`
 		Payload      hexutil.Bytes   `json:"input"    gencodec:"required"`
@@ -66,7 +66,7 @@ func (t *txdata) UnmarshalJSON(input []byte) error {
 	if dec.GasLimit == nil {
 		return errors.New("missing required field 'gas' for txdata")
 	}
-	t.GasLimit = (*big.Int)(dec.GasLimit)
+	t.GasLimit = uint64(*dec.GasLimit)
 	if dec.Recipient != nil {
 		t.Recipient = dec.Recipient
 	}
diff --git a/core/types/receipt.go b/core/types/receipt.go
index bc3c996b4..208d54aaa 100644
--- a/core/types/receipt.go
+++ b/core/types/receipt.go
@@ -20,7 +20,6 @@ import (
 	"bytes"
 	"fmt"
 	"io"
-	"math/big"
 
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/common"
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/common/hexutil"
@@ -45,46 +44,46 @@ const (
 // Receipt represents the results of a transaction.
 type Receipt struct {
 	// Consensus fields
-	PostState         []byte   `json:"root"`
-	Status            uint     `json:"status"`
-	CumulativeGasUsed *big.Int `json:"cumulativeGasUsed" gencodec:"required"`
-	Bloom             Bloom    `json:"logsBloom"         gencodec:"required"`
-	Logs              []*Log   `json:"logs"              gencodec:"required"`
+	PostState         []byte `json:"root"`
+	Status            uint   `json:"status"`
+	CumulativeGasUsed uint64 `json:"cumulativeGasUsed" gencodec:"required"`
+	Bloom             Bloom  `json:"logsBloom"         gencodec:"required"`
+	Logs              []*Log `json:"logs"              gencodec:"required"`
 
 	// Implementation fields (don't reorder!)
 	TxHash          common.Hash    `json:"transactionHash" gencodec:"required"`
 	ContractAddress common.Address `json:"contractAddress"`
-	GasUsed         *big.Int       `json:"gasUsed" gencodec:"required"`
+	GasUsed         uint64         `json:"gasUsed" gencodec:"required"`
 }
 
 type receiptMarshaling struct {
 	PostState         hexutil.Bytes
 	Status            hexutil.Uint
-	CumulativeGasUsed *hexutil.Big
-	GasUsed           *hexutil.Big
+	CumulativeGasUsed hexutil.Uint64
+	GasUsed           hexutil.Uint64
 }
 
 // receiptRLP is the consensus encoding of a receipt.
 type receiptRLP struct {
 	PostStateOrStatus []byte
-	CumulativeGasUsed *big.Int
+	CumulativeGasUsed uint64
 	Bloom             Bloom
 	Logs              []*Log
 }
 
 type receiptStorageRLP struct {
 	PostStateOrStatus []byte
-	CumulativeGasUsed *big.Int
+	CumulativeGasUsed uint64
 	Bloom             Bloom
 	TxHash            common.Hash
 	ContractAddress   common.Address
 	Logs              []*LogForStorage
-	GasUsed           *big.Int
+	GasUsed           uint64
 }
 
 // NewReceipt creates a barebone transaction receipt, copying the init fields.
-func NewReceipt(root []byte, failed bool, cumulativeGasUsed *big.Int) *Receipt {
-	r := &Receipt{PostState: common.CopyBytes(root), CumulativeGasUsed: new(big.Int).Set(cumulativeGasUsed)}
+func NewReceipt(root []byte, failed bool, cumulativeGasUsed uint64) *Receipt {
+	r := &Receipt{PostState: common.CopyBytes(root), CumulativeGasUsed: cumulativeGasUsed}
 	if failed {
 		r.Status = ReceiptStatusFailed
 	} else {
diff --git a/core/types/transaction.go b/core/types/transaction.go
index ee4140ce4..a7ed211e4 100644
--- a/core/types/transaction.go
+++ b/core/types/transaction.go
@@ -57,7 +57,7 @@ type Transaction struct {
 type txdata struct {
 	AccountNonce uint64          `json:"nonce"    gencodec:"required"`
 	Price        *big.Int        `json:"gasPrice" gencodec:"required"`
-	GasLimit     *big.Int        `json:"gas"      gencodec:"required"`
+	GasLimit     uint64          `json:"gas"      gencodec:"required"`
 	Recipient    *common.Address `json:"to"       rlp:"nil"` // nil means contract creation
 	Amount       *big.Int        `json:"value"    gencodec:"required"`
 	Payload      []byte          `json:"input"    gencodec:"required"`
@@ -74,7 +74,7 @@ type txdata struct {
 type txdataMarshaling struct {
 	AccountNonce hexutil.Uint64
 	Price        *hexutil.Big
-	GasLimit     *hexutil.Big
+	GasLimit     hexutil.Uint64
 	Amount       *hexutil.Big
 	Payload      hexutil.Bytes
 	V            *hexutil.Big
@@ -82,15 +82,15 @@ type txdataMarshaling struct {
 	S            *hexutil.Big
 }
 
-func NewTransaction(nonce uint64, to common.Address, amount, gasLimit, gasPrice *big.Int, data []byte) *Transaction {
+func NewTransaction(nonce uint64, to common.Address, amount *big.Int, gasLimit uint64, gasPrice *big.Int, data []byte) *Transaction {
 	return newTransaction(nonce, &to, amount, gasLimit, gasPrice, data)
 }
 
-func NewContractCreation(nonce uint64, amount, gasLimit, gasPrice *big.Int, data []byte) *Transaction {
+func NewContractCreation(nonce uint64, amount *big.Int, gasLimit uint64, gasPrice *big.Int, data []byte) *Transaction {
 	return newTransaction(nonce, nil, amount, gasLimit, gasPrice, data)
 }
 
-func newTransaction(nonce uint64, to *common.Address, amount, gasLimit, gasPrice *big.Int, data []byte) *Transaction {
+func newTransaction(nonce uint64, to *common.Address, amount *big.Int, gasLimit uint64, gasPrice *big.Int, data []byte) *Transaction {
 	if len(data) > 0 {
 		data = common.CopyBytes(data)
 	}
@@ -99,7 +99,7 @@ func newTransaction(nonce uint64, to *common.Address, amount, gasLimit, gasPrice
 		Recipient:    to,
 		Payload:      data,
 		Amount:       new(big.Int),
-		GasLimit:     new(big.Int),
+		GasLimit:     gasLimit,
 		Price:        new(big.Int),
 		V:            new(big.Int),
 		R:            new(big.Int),
@@ -108,9 +108,6 @@ func newTransaction(nonce uint64, to *common.Address, amount, gasLimit, gasPrice
 	if amount != nil {
 		d.Amount.Set(amount)
 	}
-	if gasLimit != nil {
-		d.GasLimit.Set(gasLimit)
-	}
 	if gasPrice != nil {
 		d.Price.Set(gasPrice)
 	}
@@ -182,7 +179,7 @@ func (tx *Transaction) UnmarshalJSON(input []byte) error {
 }
 
 func (tx *Transaction) Data() []byte       { return common.CopyBytes(tx.data.Payload) }
-func (tx *Transaction) Gas() *big.Int      { return new(big.Int).Set(tx.data.GasLimit) }
+func (tx *Transaction) Gas() uint64        { return tx.data.GasLimit }
 func (tx *Transaction) GasPrice() *big.Int { return new(big.Int).Set(tx.data.Price) }
 func (tx *Transaction) Value() *big.Int    { return new(big.Int).Set(tx.data.Amount) }
 func (tx *Transaction) Nonce() uint64      { return tx.data.AccountNonce }
@@ -227,8 +224,8 @@ func (tx *Transaction) Size() common.StorageSize {
 func (tx *Transaction) AsMessage(s Signer) (Message, error) {
 	msg := Message{
 		nonce:      tx.data.AccountNonce,
-		price:      new(big.Int).Set(tx.data.Price),
-		gasLimit:   new(big.Int).Set(tx.data.GasLimit),
+		gasLimit:   tx.data.GasLimit,
+		gasPrice:   new(big.Int).Set(tx.data.Price),
 		to:         tx.data.Recipient,
 		amount:     tx.data.Amount,
 		data:       tx.data.Payload,
@@ -254,7 +251,7 @@ func (tx *Transaction) WithSignature(signer Signer, sig []byte) (*Transaction, e
 
 // Cost returns amount + gasprice * gaslimit.
 func (tx *Transaction) Cost() *big.Int {
-	total := new(big.Int).Mul(tx.data.Price, tx.data.GasLimit)
+	total := new(big.Int).Mul(tx.data.Price, new(big.Int).SetUint64(tx.data.GasLimit))
 	total.Add(total, tx.data.Amount)
 	return total
 }
@@ -440,22 +437,24 @@ func (t *TransactionsByPriceAndNonce) Pop() {
 //
 // NOTE: In a future PR this will be removed.
 type Message struct {
-	to                      *common.Address
-	from                    common.Address
-	nonce                   uint64
-	amount, price, gasLimit *big.Int
-	data                    []byte
-	checkNonce              bool
+	to         *common.Address
+	from       common.Address
+	nonce      uint64
+	amount     *big.Int
+	gasLimit   uint64
+	gasPrice   *big.Int
+	data       []byte
+	checkNonce bool
 }
 
-func NewMessage(from common.Address, to *common.Address, nonce uint64, amount, gasLimit, price *big.Int, data []byte, checkNonce bool) Message {
+func NewMessage(from common.Address, to *common.Address, nonce uint64, amount *big.Int, gasLimit uint64, gasPrice *big.Int, data []byte, checkNonce bool) Message {
 	return Message{
 		from:       from,
 		to:         to,
 		nonce:      nonce,
 		amount:     amount,
-		price:      price,
 		gasLimit:   gasLimit,
+		gasPrice:   gasPrice,
 		data:       data,
 		checkNonce: checkNonce,
 	}
@@ -463,9 +462,9 @@ func NewMessage(from common.Address, to *common.Address, nonce uint64, amount, g
 
 func (m Message) From() common.Address { return m.from }
 func (m Message) To() *common.Address  { return m.to }
-func (m Message) GasPrice() *big.Int   { return m.price }
+func (m Message) GasPrice() *big.Int   { return m.gasPrice }
 func (m Message) Value() *big.Int      { return m.amount }
-func (m Message) Gas() *big.Int        { return m.gasLimit }
+func (m Message) Gas() uint64          { return m.gasLimit }
 func (m Message) Nonce() uint64        { return m.nonce }
 func (m Message) Data() []byte         { return m.data }
 func (m Message) CheckNonce() bool     { return m.checkNonce }
diff --git a/core/types/transaction_signing_test.go b/core/types/transaction_signing_test.go
index 7f799fb10..689fc38a9 100644
--- a/core/types/transaction_signing_test.go
+++ b/core/types/transaction_signing_test.go
@@ -30,7 +30,7 @@ func TestEIP155Signing(t *testing.T) {
 	addr := crypto.PubkeyToAddress(key.PublicKey)
 
 	signer := NewEIP155Signer(big.NewInt(18))
-	tx, err := SignTx(NewTransaction(0, addr, new(big.Int), new(big.Int), new(big.Int), nil), signer, key)
+	tx, err := SignTx(NewTransaction(0, addr, new(big.Int), 0, new(big.Int), nil), signer, key)
 	if err != nil {
 		t.Fatal(err)
 	}
@@ -49,7 +49,7 @@ func TestEIP155ChainId(t *testing.T) {
 	addr := crypto.PubkeyToAddress(key.PublicKey)
 
 	signer := NewEIP155Signer(big.NewInt(18))
-	tx, err := SignTx(NewTransaction(0, addr, new(big.Int), new(big.Int), new(big.Int), nil), signer, key)
+	tx, err := SignTx(NewTransaction(0, addr, new(big.Int), 0, new(big.Int), nil), signer, key)
 	if err != nil {
 		t.Fatal(err)
 	}
@@ -61,7 +61,7 @@ func TestEIP155ChainId(t *testing.T) {
 		t.Error("expected chainId to be", signer.chainId, "got", tx.ChainId())
 	}
 
-	tx = NewTransaction(0, addr, new(big.Int), new(big.Int), new(big.Int), nil)
+	tx = NewTransaction(0, addr, new(big.Int), 0, new(big.Int), nil)
 	tx, err = SignTx(tx, HomesteadSigner{}, key)
 	if err != nil {
 		t.Fatal(err)
@@ -118,7 +118,7 @@ func TestEIP155SigningVitalik(t *testing.T) {
 func TestChainId(t *testing.T) {
 	key, _ := defaultTestKey()
 
-	tx := NewTransaction(0, common.Address{}, new(big.Int), new(big.Int), new(big.Int), nil)
+	tx := NewTransaction(0, common.Address{}, new(big.Int), 0, new(big.Int), nil)
 
 	var err error
 	tx, err = SignTx(tx, NewEIP155Signer(big.NewInt(1)), key)
diff --git a/core/types/transaction_test.go b/core/types/transaction_test.go
index 82d74e3b3..d1861b14c 100644
--- a/core/types/transaction_test.go
+++ b/core/types/transaction_test.go
@@ -34,7 +34,7 @@ var (
 	emptyTx = NewTransaction(
 		0,
 		common.HexToAddress("095e7baea6a6c7c4c2dfeb977efac326af552d87"),
-		big.NewInt(0), big.NewInt(0), big.NewInt(0),
+		big.NewInt(0), 0, big.NewInt(0),
 		nil,
 	)
 
@@ -42,7 +42,7 @@ var (
 		3,
 		common.HexToAddress("b94f5374fce5edbc8e2a8697c15331677e6ebf0b"),
 		big.NewInt(10),
-		big.NewInt(2000),
+		2000,
 		big.NewInt(1),
 		common.FromHex("5544"),
 	).WithSignature(
@@ -139,7 +139,7 @@ func TestTransactionPriceNonceSort(t *testing.T) {
 	for start, key := range keys {
 		addr := crypto.PubkeyToAddress(key.PublicKey)
 		for i := 0; i < 25; i++ {
-			tx, _ := SignTx(NewTransaction(uint64(start+i), common.Address{}, big.NewInt(100), big.NewInt(100), big.NewInt(int64(start+i)), nil), signer, key)
+			tx, _ := SignTx(NewTransaction(uint64(start+i), common.Address{}, big.NewInt(100), 100, big.NewInt(int64(start+i)), nil), signer, key)
 			groups[addr] = append(groups[addr], tx)
 		}
 	}
@@ -204,9 +204,9 @@ func TestTransactionJSON(t *testing.T) {
 		var tx *Transaction
 		switch i % 2 {
 		case 0:
-			tx = NewTransaction(i, common.Address{1}, common.Big0, common.Big1, common.Big2, []byte("abcdef"))
+			tx = NewTransaction(i, common.Address{1}, common.Big0, 1, common.Big2, []byte("abcdef"))
 		case 1:
-			tx = NewContractCreation(i, common.Big0, common.Big1, common.Big2, []byte("abcdef"))
+			tx = NewContractCreation(i, common.Big0, 1, common.Big2, []byte("abcdef"))
 		}
 
 		tx, err := SignTx(tx, signer, key)
diff --git a/core/vm/evm.go b/core/vm/evm.go
index a3f3a97cb..8796a633e 100644
--- a/core/vm/evm.go
+++ b/core/vm/evm.go
@@ -69,7 +69,7 @@ type Context struct {
 
 	// Block information
 	Coinbase    common.Address // Provides information for COINBASE
-	GasLimit    *big.Int       // Provides information for GASLIMIT
+	GasLimit    uint64         // Provides information for GASLIMIT
 	BlockNumber *big.Int       // Provides information for NUMBER
 	Time        *big.Int       // Provides information for TIME
 	Difficulty  *big.Int       // Provides information for DIFFICULTY
diff --git a/core/vm/gas_table.go b/core/vm/gas_table.go
index ff109af57..83adba428 100644
--- a/core/vm/gas_table.go
+++ b/core/vm/gas_table.go
@@ -17,8 +17,6 @@
 package vm
 
 import (
-	"math/big"
-
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/common"
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/common/math"
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/params"
@@ -130,7 +128,7 @@ func gasSStore(gt params.GasTable, evm *EVM, contract *Contract, stack *Stack, m
 		// 0 => non 0
 		return params.SstoreSetGas, nil
 	} else if !common.EmptyHash(val) && common.EmptyHash(common.BigToHash(y)) {
-		evm.StateDB.AddRefund(new(big.Int).SetUint64(params.SstoreRefundGas))
+		evm.StateDB.AddRefund(params.SstoreRefundGas)
 
 		return params.SstoreClearGas, nil
 	} else {
@@ -405,7 +403,7 @@ func gasSuicide(gt params.GasTable, evm *EVM, contract *Contract, stack *Stack,
 	}
 
 	if !evm.StateDB.HasSuicided(contract.Address()) {
-		evm.StateDB.AddRefund(new(big.Int).SetUint64(params.SuicideRefundGas))
+		evm.StateDB.AddRefund(params.SuicideRefundGas)
 	}
 	return gas, nil
 }
diff --git a/core/vm/instructions.go b/core/vm/instructions.go
index 1d1585fca..766172501 100644
--- a/core/vm/instructions.go
+++ b/core/vm/instructions.go
@@ -472,7 +472,7 @@ func opDifficulty(pc *uint64, evm *EVM, contract *Contract, memory *Memory, stac
 }
 
 func opGasLimit(pc *uint64, evm *EVM, contract *Contract, memory *Memory, stack *Stack) ([]byte, error) {
-	stack.push(math.U256(new(big.Int).Set(evm.GasLimit)))
+	stack.push(math.U256(new(big.Int).SetUint64(evm.GasLimit)))
 	return nil, nil
 }
 
diff --git a/core/vm/interface.go b/core/vm/interface.go
index c0c52732b..1ef91cf1d 100644
--- a/core/vm/interface.go
+++ b/core/vm/interface.go
@@ -39,8 +39,8 @@ type StateDB interface {
 	SetCode(common.Address, []byte)
 	GetCodeSize(common.Address) int
 
-	AddRefund(*big.Int)
-	GetRefund() *big.Int
+	AddRefund(uint64)
+	GetRefund() uint64
 
 	GetState(common.Address, common.Hash) common.Hash
 	SetState(common.Address, common.Hash, common.Hash)
diff --git a/core/vm/noop.go b/core/vm/noop.go
index 2a04a9565..b71ead0d7 100644
--- a/core/vm/noop.go
+++ b/core/vm/noop.go
@@ -55,8 +55,8 @@ func (NoopStateDB) GetCodeHash(common.Address) common.Hash
 func (NoopStateDB) GetCode(common.Address) []byte                                      { return nil }
 func (NoopStateDB) SetCode(common.Address, []byte)                                     {}
 func (NoopStateDB) GetCodeSize(common.Address) int                                     { return 0 }
-func (NoopStateDB) AddRefund(*big.Int)                                                 {}
-func (NoopStateDB) GetRefund() *big.Int                                                { return nil }
+func (NoopStateDB) AddRefund(uint64)                                                   {}
+func (NoopStateDB) GetRefund() uint64                                                  { return 0 }
 func (NoopStateDB) GetState(common.Address, common.Hash) common.Hash                   { return common.Hash{} }
 func (NoopStateDB) SetState(common.Address, common.Hash, common.Hash)                  {}
 func (NoopStateDB) Suicide(common.Address) bool                                        { return false }
diff --git a/core/vm/runtime/env.go b/core/vm/runtime/env.go
index 818da1be2..31c9b9cf9 100644
--- a/core/vm/runtime/env.go
+++ b/core/vm/runtime/env.go
@@ -17,8 +17,6 @@
 package runtime
 
 import (
-	"math/big"
-
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/common"
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/core"
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/core/vm"
@@ -35,7 +33,7 @@ func NewEnv(cfg *Config) *vm.EVM {
 		BlockNumber: cfg.BlockNumber,
 		Time:        cfg.Time,
 		Difficulty:  cfg.Difficulty,
-		GasLimit:    new(big.Int).SetUint64(cfg.GasLimit),
+		GasLimit:    cfg.GasLimit,
 		GasPrice:    cfg.GasPrice,
 	}