path: root/core/chain_manager.go

package core

import (
    "bytes"
    "fmt"
    "io"
    "math/big"
    "runtime"
    "sync"
    "sync/atomic"
    "time"

    "github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/common"
    "github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/compression/rle"
    "github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/core/state"
    "github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/core/types"
    "github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/ethdb"
    "github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/event"
    "github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/logger"
    "github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/logger/glog"
    "github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/params"
    "github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/pow"
    "github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/rlp"
    "github.com/hashicorp/golang-lru"
    "github.com/syndtr/goleveldb/leveldb"
)

var (
    chainlogger = logger.NewLogger("CHAIN")
    jsonlogger  = logger.NewJsonLogger()

    blockHashPre = []byte("block-hash-")
    blockNumPre  = []byte("block-num-")

    blockInsertTimer = metrics.GetOrRegisterTimer("core/BlockInsertions", metrics.DefaultRegistry)
)

const (
    blockCacheLimit     = 10000
    maxFutureBlocks     = 256
    maxTimeFutureBlocks = 30
)

// CalcDifficulty is the difficulty adjustment algorithm. It returns
// the difficulty that a new block b should have when created at time
// given the parent block's time and difficulty.
func CalcDifficulty(time int64, parentTime int64, parentDiff *big.Int) *big.Int {
    diff := new(big.Int)
    adjust := new(big.Int).Div(parentDiff, params.DifficultyBoundDivisor)
    if big.NewInt(time-parentTime).Cmp(params.DurationLimit) < 0 {
        diff.Add(parentDiff, adjust)
    } else {
        diff.Sub(parentDiff, adjust)
    }
    if diff.Cmp(params.MinimumDifficulty) < 0 {
        return params.MinimumDifficulty
    }
    return diff
}

// CalcTD computes the total difficulty of block.
func CalcTD(block, parent *types.Block) *big.Int {
    if parent == nil {
        return block.Difficulty()
    }
    d := block.Difficulty()
    d.Add(d, parent.Td)
    return d
}

// CalcGasLimit computes the gas limit of the next block after parent.
// The result may be modified by the caller.
func CalcGasLimit(parent *types.Block) *big.Int {
    decay := new(big.Int).Div(parent.GasLimit(), params.GasLimitBoundDivisor)
    contrib := new(big.Int).Mul(parent.GasUsed(), big.NewInt(3))
    contrib = contrib.Div(contrib, big.NewInt(2))
    contrib = contrib.Div(contrib, params.GasLimitBoundDivisor)

    gl := new(big.Int).Sub(parent.GasLimit(), decay)
    gl = gl.Add(gl, contrib)
    gl = gl.Add(gl, big.NewInt(1))
    gl.Set(common.BigMax(gl, params.MinGasLimit))

    if gl.Cmp(params.GenesisGasLimit) < 0 {
        gl.Add(parent.GasLimit(), decay)
        gl.Set(common.BigMin(gl, params.GenesisGasLimit))
    }
    return gl
}

type ChainManager struct {
    //eth          EthManager
    blockDb      common.Database
    stateDb      common.Database
    processor    types.BlockProcessor
    eventMux     *event.TypeMux
    genesisBlock *types.Block
    // Last known total difficulty
    mu      sync.RWMutex
    chainmu sync.RWMutex
    tsmu    sync.RWMutex

    td              *big.Int
    currentBlock    *types.Block
    lastBlockHash   common.Hash
    currentGasLimit *big.Int

    transState *state.StateDB
    txState    *state.ManagedState

    cache        *lru.Cache  // cache is the LRU caching
    futureBlocks *BlockCache // future blocks are blocks added for later processing
    nextBlocks   *BlockCache // next blocks is used during large inserts

    quit chan struct{}
    // procInterrupt must be atomically called
    procInterrupt int32 // interrupt signaler for block processing
    wg            sync.WaitGroup

    pow pow.PoW
}

func NewChainManager(genesis *types.Block, blockDb, stateDb common.Database, pow pow.PoW, mux *event.TypeMux) (*ChainManager, error) {
    cache, _ := lru.New(blockCacheLimit)
    bc := &ChainManager{
        blockDb:      blockDb,
        stateDb:      stateDb,
        genesisBlock: GenesisBlock(42, stateDb),
        eventMux:     mux,
        quit:         make(chan struct{}),
        cache:        cache,
        pow:          pow,
    }
    // Check the genesis block given to the chain manager. If the genesis block mismatches block number 0
    // throw an error. If no block or the same block's found continue.
    if g := bc.GetBlockByNumber(0); g != nil && g.Hash() != genesis.Hash() {
        return nil, fmt.Errorf("Genesis mismatch. Maybe different nonce (%d vs %d)? %x / %x", g.Nonce(), genesis.Nonce(), g.Hash().Bytes()[:4], genesis.Hash().Bytes()[:4])
    }
    bc.genesisBlock = genesis
    bc.setLastState()

    // Check the current state of the block hashes and make sure that we do not have any of the bad blocks in our chain
    for hash, _ := range BadHashes {
        if block := bc.GetBlock(hash); block != nil {
            glog.V(logger.Error).Infof("Found bad hash. Reorganising chain to state %x\n", block.ParentHash().Bytes()[:4])
            block = bc.GetBlock(block.ParentHash())
            if block == nil {
                glog.Fatal("Unable to complete. Parent block not found. Corrupted DB?")
            }
            bc.SetHead(block)

            glog.V(logger.Error).Infoln("Chain reorg was successfull. Resuming normal operation")
        }
    }

    bc.transState = bc.State().Copy()
    // Take ownership of this particular state
    bc.txState = state.ManageState(bc.State().Copy())

    bc.futureBlocks = NewBlockCache(maxFutureBlocks)
    bc.makeCache()

    go bc.update()

    return bc, nil
}

func (bc *ChainManager) SetHead(head *types.Block) {
    bc.mu.Lock()
    defer bc.mu.Unlock()

    for block := bc.currentBlock; block != nil && block.Hash() != head.Hash(); block = bc.GetBlock(block.ParentHash()) {
        bc.removeBlock(block)
    }

    bc.cache, _ = lru.New(blockCacheLimit)
    bc.currentBlock = head
    bc.makeCache()

    statedb := state.New(head.Root(), bc.stateDb)
    bc.txState = state.ManageState(statedb)
    bc.transState = statedb.Copy()
    bc.setTotalDifficulty(head.Td)
    bc.insert(head)
    bc.setLastState()
}

func (self *ChainManager) Td() *big.Int {
    self.mu.RLock()
    defer self.mu.RUnlock()

    return new(big.Int).Set(self.td)
}

func (self *ChainManager) GasLimit() *big.Int {
    self.mu.RLock()
    defer self.mu.RUnlock()

    return self.currentBlock.GasLimit()
}

func (self *ChainManager) LastBlockHash() common.Hash {
    self.mu.RLock()
    defer self.mu.RUnlock()

    return self.lastBlockHash
}

func (self *ChainManager) CurrentBlock() *types.Block {
    self.mu.RLock()
    defer self.mu.RUnlock()

    return self.currentBlock
}

func (self *ChainManager) Status() (td *big.Int, currentBlock common.Hash, genesisBlock common.Hash) {
    self.mu.RLock()
    defer self.mu.RUnlock()

    return new(big.Int).Set(self.td), self.currentBlock.Hash(), self.genesisBlock.Hash()
}

func (self *ChainManager) SetProcessor(proc types.BlockProcessor) {
    self.processor = proc
}

func (self *ChainManager) State() *state.StateDB {
    return state.New(self.CurrentBlock().Root(), self.stateDb)
}

func (self *ChainManager) TransState() *state.StateDB {
    self.tsmu.RLock()
    defer self.tsmu.RUnlock()

    return self.transState
}

func (self *ChainManager) setTransState(statedb *state.StateDB) {
    self.transState = statedb
}

func (bc *ChainManager) setLastState() {
    data, _ := bc.blockDb.Get([]byte("LastBlock"))
    if len(data) != 0 {
        block := bc.GetBlock(common.BytesToHash(data))
        if block != nil {
            bc.currentBlock = block
            bc.lastBlockHash = block.Hash()
        } else {
            glog.Fatalf("Fatal. LastBlock not found. Please run removedb and resync")
        }
    } else {
        bc.Reset()
    }
    bc.td = bc.currentBlock.Td
    bc.currentGasLimit = CalcGasLimit(bc.currentBlock)

    if glog.V(logger.Info) {
        glog.Infof("Last block (#%v) %x TD=%v\n", bc.currentBlock.Number(), bc.currentBlock.Hash(), bc.td)
    }
}

func (bc *ChainManager) makeCache() {
    bc.cache, _ = lru.New(blockCacheLimit)
    // load in last `blockCacheLimit` - 1 blocks. Last block is the current.
    ancestors := bc.GetAncestors(bc.currentBlock, blockCacheLimit-1)
    ancestors = append(ancestors, bc.currentBlock)
    for _, block := range ancestors {
        bc.cache.Add(block.Hash(), block)
    }
}

func (bc *ChainManager) Reset() {
    bc.mu.Lock()
    defer bc.mu.Unlock()

    for block := bc.currentBlock; block != nil; block = bc.GetBlock(block.ParentHash()) {
        bc.removeBlock(block)
    }

    bc.cache, _ = lru.New(blockCacheLimit)

    // Prepare the genesis block
    bc.write(bc.genesisBlock)
    bc.insert(bc.genesisBlock)
    bc.currentBlock = bc.genesisBlock
    bc.makeCache()

    bc.setTotalDifficulty(common.Big("0"))
}

func (bc *ChainManager) removeBlock(block *types.Block) {
    bc.blockDb.Delete(append(blockHashPre, block.Hash().Bytes()...))
}

func (bc *ChainManager) ResetWithGenesisBlock(gb *types.Block) {
    bc.mu.Lock()
    defer bc.mu.Unlock()

    for block := bc.currentBlock; block != nil; block = bc.GetBlock(block.ParentHash()) {
        bc.removeBlock(block)
    }

    // Prepare the genesis block
    gb.Td = gb.Difficulty()
    bc.genesisBlock = gb
    bc.write(bc.genesisBlock)
    bc.insert(bc.genesisBlock)
    bc.currentBlock = bc.genesisBlock
    bc.makeCache()
    bc.td = gb.Difficulty()
}

// Export writes the active chain to the given writer.
func (self *ChainManager) Export(w io.Writer) error {
    if err := self.ExportN(w, uint64(0), self.currentBlock.NumberU64()); err != nil {
        return err
    }
    return nil
}

// ExportN writes a subset of the active chain to the given writer.
func (self *ChainManager) ExportN(w io.Writer, first uint64, last uint64) error {
    self.mu.RLock()
    defer self.mu.RUnlock()

    if first > last {
        return fmt.Errorf("export failed: first (%d) is greater than last (%d)", first, last)
    }

    glog.V(logger.Info).Infof("exporting %d blocks...\n", last-first+1)

    for nr := first; nr <= last; nr++ {
        block := self.GetBlockByNumber(nr)
        if block == nil {
            return fmt.Errorf("export failed on #%d: not found", nr)
        }

        if err := block.EncodeRLP(w); err != nil {
            return err
        }
    }

    return nil
}

// insert injects a block into the current chain block chain. Note, this function
// assumes that the `mu` mutex is held!
func (bc *ChainManager) insert(block *types.Block) {
    key := append(blockNumPre, block.Number().Bytes()...)
    err := bc.blockDb.Put(key, block.Hash().Bytes())
    if err != nil {
        glog.Fatal("db write fail:", err)
    }
    err = bc.blockDb.Put([]byte("LastBlock"), block.Hash().Bytes())
    if err != nil {
        glog.Fatal("db write fail:", err)
    }

    bc.currentBlock = block
    bc.lastBlockHash = block.Hash()
}

func (bc *ChainManager) write(block *types.Block) {
    tstart := time.Now()

    go func() {
        enc, _ := rlp.EncodeToBytes((*types.StorageBlock)(block))
        key := append(blockHashPre, block.Hash().Bytes()...)
        err := bc.blockDb.Put(key, enc)
        if err != nil {
            glog.Fatal("db write fail:", err)
        }
    }()

    if glog.V(logger.Debug) {
        glog.Infof("wrote block #%v %s. Took %v\n", block.Number(), common.PP(block.Hash().Bytes()), time.Since(tstart))
    }
}

// Accessors
func (bc *ChainManager) Genesis() *types.Block {
    return bc.genesisBlock
}

// Block fetching methods
func (bc *ChainManager) HasBlock(hash common.Hash) bool {
    if bc.cache.Contains(hash) {
        return true
    }

    if bc.nextBlocks != nil {
        if block := bc.nextBlocks.Get(hash); block != nil {
            return true
        }
    }

    data, _ := bc.blockDb.Get(append(blockHashPre, hash[:]...))
    return len(data) != 0
}

func (self *ChainManager) GetBlockHashesFromHash(hash common.Hash, max uint64) (chain []common.Hash) {
    block := self.GetBlock(hash)
    if block == nil {
        return
    }
    // XXX Could be optimised by using a different database which only holds hashes (i.e., linked list)
    for i := uint64(0); i < max; i++ {
        block = self.GetBlock(block.ParentHash())
        if block == nil {
            break
        }

        chain = append(chain, block.Hash())
        if block.Number().Cmp(common.Big0) <= 0 {
            break
        }
    }

    return
}

func (self *ChainManager) GetBlock(hash common.Hash) *types.Block {
    if block, ok := self.cache.Get(hash); ok {
        return block.(*types.Block)
    }

    if self.nextBlocks != nil {
        if block := self.nextBlocks.Get(hash); block != nil {
            return block
        }
    }

    data, _ := self.blockDb.Get(append(blockHashPre, hash[:]...))
    if len(data) == 0 {
        return nil
    }
    var block types.StorageBlock
    if err := rlp.Decode(bytes.NewReader(data), &block); err != nil {
        glog.V(logger.Error).Infof("invalid block RLP for hash %x: %v", hash, err)
        return nil
    }

    // Add the block to the cache
    self.cache.Add(hash, (*types.Block)(&block))

    return (*types.Block)(&block)
}

func (self *ChainManager) GetBlockByNumber(num uint64) *types.Block {
    self.mu.RLock()
    defer self.mu.RUnlock()

    return self.getBlockByNumber(num)

}

// GetBlocksFromHash returns the block corresponding to hash and up to n-1 ancestors.
func (self *ChainManager) GetBlocksFromHash(hash common.Hash, n int) (blocks []*types.Block) {
    for i := 0; i < n; i++ {
        block := self.GetBlock(hash)
        if block == nil {
            break
        }
        blocks = append(blocks, block)
        hash = block.ParentHash()
    }
    return
}

// non blocking version
func (self *ChainManager) getBlockByNumber(num uint64) *types.Block {
    key, _ := self.blockDb.Get(append(blockNumPre, big.NewInt(int64(num)).Bytes()...))
    if len(key) == 0 {
        return nil
    }

    return self.GetBlock(common.BytesToHash(key))
}

func (self *ChainManager) GetUnclesInChain(block *types.Block, length int) (uncles []*types.Header) {
    for i := 0; block != nil && i < length; i++ {
        uncles = append(uncles, block.Uncles()...)
        block = self.GetBlock(block.ParentHash())
    }

    return
}

// setTotalDifficulty updates the TD of the chain manager. Note, this function
// assumes that the `mu` mutex is held!
func (bc *ChainManager) setTotalDifficulty(td *big.Int) {
    bc.td = new(big.Int).Set(td)
}

func (bc *ChainManager) Stop() {
    close(bc.quit)
    atomic.StoreInt32(&bc.procInterrupt, 1)

    bc.wg.Wait()

    glog.V(logger.Info).Infoln("Chain manager stopped")
}

type queueEvent struct {
    queue          []interface{}
    canonicalCount int
    sideCount      int
    splitCount     int
}

func (self *ChainManager) procFutureBlocks() {
    var blocks []*types.Block
    self.futureBlocks.Each(func(i int, block *types.Block) {
        blocks = append(blocks, block)
    })
    if len(blocks) > 0 {
        types.BlockBy(types.Number).Sort(blocks)
        self.InsertChain(blocks)
    }
}

func (self *ChainManager) enqueueForWrite(block *types.Block) {
    self.nextBlocks.Push(block)
}

func (self *ChainManager) flushQueuedBlocks() {
    db, batchWrite := self.blockDb.(*ethdb.LDBDatabase)
    batch := new(leveldb.Batch)
    self.nextBlocks.Each(func(i int, block *types.Block) {
        enc, _ := rlp.EncodeToBytes((*types.StorageBlock)(block))
        key := append(blockHashPre, block.Hash().Bytes()...)
        if batchWrite {
            batch.Put(key, rle.Compress(enc))
        } else {
            self.blockDb.Put(key, enc)
        }
    })
    if batchWrite {
        db.LDB().Write(batch, nil)
    }

    // reset the next blocks cache
    self.nextBlocks = nil

}

// InsertChain will attempt to insert the given chain in to the canonical chain or, otherwise, create a fork. It an error is returned
// it will return the index number of the failing block as well an error describing what went wrong (for possible errors see core/errors.go).
func (self *ChainManager) InsertChain(chain types.Blocks) (int, error) {
    self.wg.Add(1)
    defer self.wg.Done()

    self.chainmu.Lock()
    defer self.chainmu.Unlock()

    self.nextBlocks = NewBlockCache(len(chain))

    // A queued approach to delivering events. This is generally
    // faster than direct delivery and requires much less mutex
    // acquiring.
    var (
        queue      = make([]interface{}, len(chain))
        queueEvent = queueEvent{queue: queue}
        stats      struct{ queued, processed, ignored int }
        tstart     = time.Now()

        nonceDone    = make(chan nonceResult, len(chain))
        nonceQuit    = make(chan struct{})
        nonceChecked = make([]bool, len(chain))
    )

    // Start the parallel nonce verifier.
    go verifyNonces(self.pow, chain, nonceQuit, nonceDone)
    defer close(nonceQuit)
    defer self.flushQueuedBlocks()

    defer func() {
    }()

    txcount := 0
    for i, block := range chain {
        if atomic.LoadInt32(&self.procInterrupt) == 1 {
            glog.V(logger.Debug).Infoln("Premature abort during chain processing")
            break
        }

        bstart := time.Now()
        // Wait for block i's nonce to be verified before processing
        // its state transition.
        for !nonceChecked[i] {
            r := <-nonceDone
            nonceChecked[r.i] = true
            if !r.valid {
                block := chain[r.i]
                return r.i, &BlockNonceErr{Hash: block.Hash(), Number: block.Number(), Nonce: block.Nonce()}
            }
        }

        if BadHashes[block.Hash()] {
            err := fmt.Errorf("Found known bad hash in chain %x", block.Hash())
            blockErr(block, err)
            return i, err
        }

        // Setting block.Td regardless of error (known for example) prevents errors down the line
        // in the protocol handler
        block.Td = new(big.Int).Set(CalcTD(block, self.GetBlock(block.ParentHash())))

        // Call in to the block processor and check for errors. It's likely that if one block fails
        // all others will fail too (unless a known block is returned).
        logs, err := self.processor.Process(block)
        if err != nil {
            if IsKnownBlockErr(err) {
                stats.ignored++
                continue
            }

            if err == BlockFutureErr {
                // Allow up to MaxFuture second in the future blocks. If this limit
                // is exceeded the chain is discarded and processed at a later time
                // if given.
                if max := time.Now().Unix() + maxTimeFutureBlocks; block.Time() > max {
                    return i, fmt.Errorf("%v: BlockFutureErr, %v > %v", BlockFutureErr, block.Time(), max)
                }

                self.futureBlocks.Push(block)
                stats.queued++
                continue
            }

            if IsParentErr(err) && self.futureBlocks.Has(block.ParentHash()) {
                self.futureBlocks.Push(block)
                stats.queued++
                continue
            }

            blockErr(block, err)

            return i, err
        }

        txcount += len(block.Transactions())

        cblock := self.currentBlock
        // Compare the TD of the last known block in the canonical chain to make sure it's greater.
        // At this point it's possible that a different chain (fork) becomes the new canonical chain.
        if block.Td.Cmp(self.Td()) > 0 {
            // chain fork
            if block.ParentHash() != cblock.Hash() {
                // during split we merge two different chains and create the new canonical chain
                err := self.merge(cblock, block)
                if err != nil {
                    return i, err
                }

                queue[i] = ChainSplitEvent{block, logs}
                queueEvent.splitCount++
            }

            self.mu.Lock()
            self.setTotalDifficulty(block.Td)
            self.insert(block)
            self.mu.Unlock()

            jsonlogger.LogJson(&logger.EthChainNewHead{
                BlockHash:     block.Hash().Hex(),
                BlockNumber:   block.Number(),
                ChainHeadHash: cblock.Hash().Hex(),
                BlockPrevHash: block.ParentHash().Hex(),
            })

            self.setTransState(state.New(block.Root(), self.stateDb))
            self.txState.SetState(state.New(block.Root(), self.stateDb))

            queue[i] = ChainEvent{block, block.Hash(), logs}
            queueEvent.canonicalCount++

            if glog.V(logger.Debug) {
                glog.Infof("[%v] inserted block #%d (%d TXs %d UNCs) (%x...). Took %v\n", time.Now().UnixNano(), block.Number(), len(block.Transactions()), len(block.Uncles()), block.Hash().Bytes()[0:4], time.Since(bstart))
            }
        } else {
            if glog.V(logger.Detail) {
                glog.Infof("inserted forked block #%d (TD=%v) (%d TXs %d UNCs) (%x...). Took %v\n", block.Number(), block.Difficulty(), len(block.Transactions()), len(block.Uncles()), block.Hash().Bytes()[0:4], time.Since(bstart))
            }

            queue[i] = ChainSideEvent{block, logs}
            queueEvent.sideCount++
        }
        // Write block to database. Eventually we'll have to improve on this and throw away blocks that are
        // not in the canonical chain.
        self.enqueueForWrite(block)
        // Delete from future blocks
        self.futureBlocks.Delete(block.Hash())

        stats.processed++
        blockInsertTimer.UpdateSince(bstart)
    }

    if (stats.queued > 0 || stats.processed > 0 || stats.ignored > 0) && bool(glog.V(logger.Info)) {
        tend := time.Since(tstart)
        start, end := chain[0], chain[len(chain)-1]
        glog.Infof("imported %d block(s) (%d queued %d ignored) including %d txs in %v. #%v [%x / %x]\n", stats.processed, stats.queued, stats.ignored, txcount, tend, end.Number(), start.Hash().Bytes()[:4], end.Hash().Bytes()[:4])
    }

    go self.eventMux.Post(queueEvent)

    return 0, nil
}

// diff takes two blocks, an old chain and a new chain and will reconstruct the blocks and inserts them
// to be part of the new canonical chain.
func (self *ChainManager) diff(oldBlock, newBlock *types.Block) (types.Blocks, error) {
    var (
        newChain    types.Blocks
        commonBlock *types.Block
        oldStart    = oldBlock
        newStart    = newBlock
    )

    // first reduce whoever is higher bound
    if oldBlock.NumberU64() > newBlock.NumberU64() {
        // reduce old chain
        for oldBlock = oldBlock; oldBlock != nil && oldBlock.NumberU64() != newBlock.NumberU64(); oldBlock = self.GetBlock(oldBlock.ParentHash()) {
        }
    } else {
        // reduce new chain and append new chain blocks for inserting later on
        for newBlock = newBlock; newBlock != nil && newBlock.NumberU64() != oldBlock.NumberU64(); newBlock = self.GetBlock(newBlock.ParentHash()) {
            newChain = append(newChain, newBlock)
        }
    }
    if oldBlock == nil {
        return nil, fmt.Errorf("Invalid old chain")
    }
    if newBlock == nil {
        return nil, fmt.Errorf("Invalid new chain")
    }

    numSplit := newBlock.Number()
    for {
        if oldBlock.Hash() == newBlock.Hash() {
            commonBlock = oldBlock
            break
        }
        newChain = append(newChain, newBlock)

        oldBlock, newBlock = self.GetBlock(oldBlock.ParentHash()), self.GetBlock(newBlock.ParentHash())
        if oldBlock == nil {
            return nil, fmt.Errorf("Invalid old chain")
        }
        if newBlock == nil {
            return nil, fmt.Errorf("Invalid new chain")
        }
    }

    if glog.V(logger.Info) {
        commonHash := commonBlock.Hash()
        glog.Infof("Fork detected @ %x. Reorganising chain from #%v %x to %x", commonHash[:4], numSplit, oldStart.Hash().Bytes()[:4], newStart.Hash().Bytes()[:4])
    }

    return newChain, nil
}

// merge merges two different chain to the new canonical chain
func (self *ChainManager) merge(oldBlock, newBlock *types.Block) error {
    newChain, err := self.diff(oldBlock, newBlock)
    if err != nil {
        return fmt.Errorf("chain reorg failed: %v", err)
    }

    // insert blocks. Order does not matter. Last block will be written in ImportChain itself which creates the new head properly
    self.mu.Lock()
    for _, block := range newChain {
        self.insert(block)
    }
    self.mu.Unlock()

    return nil
}

func (self *ChainManager) update() {
    events := self.eventMux.Subscribe(queueEvent{})
    futureTimer := time.Tick(5 * time.Second)
out:
    for {
        select {
        case ev := <-events.Chan():
            switch ev := ev.(type) {
            case queueEvent:
                for _, event := range ev.queue {
                    switch event := event.(type) {
                    case ChainEvent:
                        // We need some control over the mining operation. Acquiring locks and waiting for the miner to create new block takes too long
                        // and in most cases isn't even necessary.
                        if self.lastBlockHash == event.Hash {
                            self.currentGasLimit = CalcGasLimit(event.Block)
                            self.eventMux.Post(ChainHeadEvent{event.Block})
                        }
                    }

                    self.eventMux.Post(event)
                }
            }
        case <-futureTimer:
            self.procFutureBlocks()
        case <-self.quit:
            break out
        }
    }
}

func blockErr(block *types.Block, err error) {
    h := block.Header()
    glog.V(logger.Error).Infof("Bad block #%v (%x)\n", h.Number, h.Hash().Bytes())
    glog.V(logger.Error).Infoln(err)
    glog.V(logger.Debug).Infoln(verifyNonces)
}

type nonceResult struct {
    i     int
    valid bool
}

// block verifies nonces of the given blocks in parallel and returns
// an error if one of the blocks nonce verifications failed.
func verifyNonces(pow pow.PoW, blocks []*types.Block, quit <-chan struct{}, done chan<- nonceResult) {
    // Spawn a few workers. They listen for blocks on the in channel
    // and send results on done. The workers will exit in the
    // background when in is closed.
    var (
        in       = make(chan int)
        nworkers = runtime.GOMAXPROCS(0)
    )
    defer close(in)
    if len(blocks) < nworkers {
        nworkers = len(blocks)
    }
    for i := 0; i < nworkers; i++ {
        go func() {
            for i := range in {
                done <- nonceResult{i: i, valid: pow.Verify(blocks[i])}
            }
        }()
    }
    // Feed block indices to the workers.
    for i := range blocks {
        select {
        case in <- i:
            continue
        case <-quit:
            return
        }
    }
}