path: root/core/headerchain.go

// Copyright 2015 The go-ethereum Authors
// This file is part of the go-ethereum library.
//
// The go-ethereum library is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
// it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
// the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
// (at your option) any later version.
//
// The go-ethereum library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
// but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
// MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
// GNU Lesser General Public License for more details.
//
// You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
// along with the go-ethereum library. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.

package core

import (
    crand "crypto/rand"
    "fmt"
    "math"
    "math/big"
    mrand "math/rand"
    "runtime"
    "sync"
    "sync/atomic"
    "time"

    "github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/common"
    "github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/core/types"
    "github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/ethdb"
    "github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/logger"
    "github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/logger/glog"
    "github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/params"
    "github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/pow"
    "github.com/hashicorp/golang-lru"
)

const (
    headerCacheLimit = 512
    tdCacheLimit     = 1024
    numberCacheLimit = 2048
)

// HeaderChain implements the basic block header chain logic that is shared by
// core.BlockChain and light.LightChain. It is not usable in itself, only as
// a part of either structure.
// It is not thread safe either, the encapsulating chain structures should do
// the necessary mutex locking/unlocking.
type HeaderChain struct {
    config *params.ChainConfig

    chainDb       ethdb.Database
    genesisHeader *types.Header

    currentHeader     *types.Header // Current head of the header chain (may be above the block chain!)
    currentHeaderHash common.Hash   // Hash of the current head of the header chain (prevent recomputing all the time)

    headerCache *lru.Cache // Cache for the most recent block headers
    tdCache     *lru.Cache // Cache for the most recent block total difficulties
    numberCache *lru.Cache // Cache for the most recent block numbers

    procInterrupt func() bool

    rand         *mrand.Rand
    getValidator getHeaderValidatorFn
}

// getHeaderValidatorFn returns a HeaderValidator interface
type getHeaderValidatorFn func() HeaderValidator

// NewHeaderChain creates a new HeaderChain structure.
//  getValidator should return the parent's validator
//  procInterrupt points to the parent's interrupt semaphore
//  wg points to the parent's shutdown wait group
func NewHeaderChain(chainDb ethdb.Database, config *params.ChainConfig, getValidator getHeaderValidatorFn, procInterrupt func() bool) (*HeaderChain, error) {
    headerCache, _ := lru.New(headerCacheLimit)
    tdCache, _ := lru.New(tdCacheLimit)
    numberCache, _ := lru.New(numberCacheLimit)

    // Seed a fast but crypto originating random generator
    seed, err := crand.Int(crand.Reader, big.NewInt(math.MaxInt64))
    if err != nil {
        return nil, err
    }

    hc := &HeaderChain{
        config:        config,
        chainDb:       chainDb,
        headerCache:   headerCache,
        tdCache:       tdCache,
        numberCache:   numberCache,
        procInterrupt: procInterrupt,
        rand:          mrand.New(mrand.NewSource(seed.Int64())),
        getValidator:  getValidator,
    }

    hc.genesisHeader = hc.GetHeaderByNumber(0)
    if hc.genesisHeader == nil {
        genesisBlock, err := WriteDefaultGenesisBlock(chainDb)
        if err != nil {
            return nil, err
        }
        glog.V(logger.Info).Infoln("WARNING: Wrote default ethereum genesis block")
        hc.genesisHeader = genesisBlock.Header()
    }

    hc.currentHeader = hc.genesisHeader
    if head := GetHeadBlockHash(chainDb); head != (common.Hash{}) {
        if chead := hc.GetHeaderByHash(head); chead != nil {
            hc.currentHeader = chead
        }
    }
    hc.currentHeaderHash = hc.currentHeader.Hash()

    return hc, nil
}

// GetBlockNumber retrieves the block number belonging to the given hash
// from the cache or database
func (hc *HeaderChain) GetBlockNumber(hash common.Hash) uint64 {
    if cached, ok := hc.numberCache.Get(hash); ok {
        return cached.(uint64)
    }
    number := GetBlockNumber(hc.chainDb, hash)
    if number != missingNumber {
        hc.numberCache.Add(hash, number)
    }
    return number
}

// WriteHeader writes a header into the local chain, given that its parent is
// already known. If the total difficulty of the newly inserted header becomes
// greater than the current known TD, the canonical chain is re-routed.
//
// Note: This method is not concurrent-safe with inserting blocks simultaneously
// into the chain, as side effects caused by reorganisations cannot be emulated
// without the real blocks. Hence, writing headers directly should only be done
// in two scenarios: pure-header mode of operation (light clients), or properly
// separated header/block phases (non-archive clients).
func (hc *HeaderChain) WriteHeader(header *types.Header) (status WriteStatus, err error) {
    // Cache some values to prevent constant recalculation
    var (
        hash   = header.Hash()
        number = header.Number.Uint64()
    )
    // Calculate the total difficulty of the header
    ptd := hc.GetTd(header.ParentHash, number-1)
    if ptd == nil {
        return NonStatTy, ParentError(header.ParentHash)
    }
    localTd := hc.GetTd(hc.currentHeaderHash, hc.currentHeader.Number.Uint64())
    externTd := new(big.Int).Add(header.Difficulty, ptd)

    // Irrelevant of the canonical status, write the td and header to the database
    if err := hc.WriteTd(hash, number, externTd); err != nil {
        glog.Fatalf("failed to write header total difficulty: %v", err)
    }
    if err := WriteHeader(hc.chainDb, header); err != nil {
        glog.Fatalf("failed to write header contents: %v", err)
    }

    // If the total difficulty is higher than our known, add it to the canonical chain
    // Second clause in the if statement reduces the vulnerability to selfish mining.
    // Please refer to http://www.cs.cornell.edu/~ie53/publications/btcProcFC.pdf
    if externTd.Cmp(localTd) > 0 || (externTd.Cmp(localTd) == 0 && mrand.Float64() < 0.5) {
        // Delete any canonical number assignments above the new head
        for i := number + 1; ; i++ {
            hash := GetCanonicalHash(hc.chainDb, i)
            if hash == (common.Hash{}) {
                break
            }
            DeleteCanonicalHash(hc.chainDb, i)
        }
        // Overwrite any stale canonical number assignments
        var (
            headHash   = header.ParentHash
            headNumber = header.Number.Uint64() - 1
            headHeader = hc.GetHeader(headHash, headNumber)
        )
        for GetCanonicalHash(hc.chainDb, headNumber) != headHash {
            WriteCanonicalHash(hc.chainDb, headHash, headNumber)

            headHash = headHeader.ParentHash
            headNumber = headHeader.Number.Uint64() - 1
            headHeader = hc.GetHeader(headHash, headNumber)
        }

        // Extend the canonical chain with the new header
        if err := WriteCanonicalHash(hc.chainDb, hash, number); err != nil {
            glog.Fatalf("failed to insert header number: %v", err)
        }
        if err := WriteHeadHeaderHash(hc.chainDb, hash); err != nil {
            glog.Fatalf("failed to insert head header hash: %v", err)
        }

        hc.currentHeaderHash, hc.currentHeader = hash, types.CopyHeader(header)

        status = CanonStatTy
    } else {
        status = SideStatTy
    }

    hc.headerCache.Add(hash, header)
    hc.numberCache.Add(hash, number)

    return
}

// WhCallback is a callback function for inserting individual headers.
// A callback is used for two reasons: first, in a LightChain, status should be
// processed and light chain events sent, while in a BlockChain this is not
// necessary since chain events are sent after inserting blocks. Second, the
// header writes should be protected by the parent chain mutex individually.
type WhCallback func(*types.Header) error

// InsertHeaderChain attempts to insert the given header chain in to the local
// chain, possibly creating a reorg. If an error is returned, it will return the
// index number of the failing header as well an error describing what went wrong.
//
// The verify parameter can be used to fine tune whether nonce verification
// should be done or not. The reason behind the optional check is because some
// of the header retrieval mechanisms already need to verfy nonces, as well as
// because nonces can be verified sparsely, not needing to check each.
func (hc *HeaderChain) InsertHeaderChain(chain []*types.Header, checkFreq int, writeHeader WhCallback) (int, error) {
    // Do a sanity check that the provided chain is actually ordered and linked
    for i := 1; i < len(chain); i++ {
        if chain[i].Number.Uint64() != chain[i-1].Number.Uint64()+1 || chain[i].ParentHash != chain[i-1].Hash() {
            // Chain broke ancestry, log a messge (programming error) and skip insertion
            failure := fmt.Errorf("non contiguous insert: item %d is #%d [%x…], item %d is #%d [%x…] (parent [%x…])",
                i-1, chain[i-1].Number.Uint64(), chain[i-1].Hash().Bytes()[:4], i, chain[i].Number.Uint64(), chain[i].Hash().Bytes()[:4], chain[i].ParentHash.Bytes()[:4])

            glog.V(logger.Error).Info(failure.Error())
            return 0, failure
        }
    }
    // Collect some import statistics to report on
    stats := struct{ processed, ignored int }{}
    start := time.Now()

    // Generate the list of headers that should be POW verified
    verify := make([]bool, len(chain))
    for i := 0; i < len(verify)/checkFreq; i++ {
        index := i*checkFreq + hc.rand.Intn(checkFreq)
        if index >= len(verify) {
            index = len(verify) - 1
        }
        verify[index] = true
    }
    verify[len(verify)-1] = true // Last should always be verified to avoid junk

    // Create the header verification task queue and worker functions
    tasks := make(chan int, len(chain))
    for i := 0; i < len(chain); i++ {
        tasks <- i
    }
    close(tasks)

    errs, failed := make([]error, len(tasks)), int32(0)
    process := func(worker int) {
        for index := range tasks {
            header, hash := chain[index], chain[index].Hash()

            // Short circuit insertion if shutting down or processing failed
            if hc.procInterrupt() {
                return
            }
            if atomic.LoadInt32(&failed) > 0 {
                return
            }
            // Short circuit if the header is bad or already known
            if BadHashes[hash] {
                errs[index] = BadHashError(hash)
                atomic.AddInt32(&failed, 1)
                return
            }
            if hc.HasHeader(hash) {
                continue
            }
            // Verify that the header honors the chain parameters
            checkPow := verify[index]

            var err error
            if index == 0 {
                err = hc.getValidator().ValidateHeader(header, hc.GetHeader(header.ParentHash, header.Number.Uint64()-1), checkPow)
            } else {
                err = hc.getValidator().ValidateHeader(header, chain[index-1], checkPow)
            }
            if err != nil {
                errs[index] = err
                atomic.AddInt32(&failed, 1)
                return
            }
        }
    }
    // Start as many worker threads as goroutines allowed
    pending := new(sync.WaitGroup)
    for i := 0; i < runtime.GOMAXPROCS(0); i++ {
        pending.Add(1)
        go func(id int) {
            defer pending.Done()
            process(id)
        }(i)
    }
    pending.Wait()

    // If anything failed, report
    if failed > 0 {
        for i, err := range errs {
            if err != nil {
                return i, err
            }
        }
    }
    // All headers passed verification, import them into the database
    for i, header := range chain {
        // Short circuit insertion if shutting down
        if hc.procInterrupt() {
            glog.V(logger.Debug).Infoln("premature abort during header chain processing")
            break
        }
        hash := header.Hash()

        // If the header's already known, skip it, otherwise store
        if hc.HasHeader(hash) {
            stats.ignored++
            continue
        }
        if err := writeHeader(header); err != nil {
            return i, err
        }
        stats.processed++
    }
    // Report some public statistics so the user has a clue what's going on
    first, last := chain[0], chain[len(chain)-1]

    ignored := ""
    if stats.ignored > 0 {
        ignored = fmt.Sprintf(" (%d ignored)", stats.ignored)
    }
    glog.V(logger.Info).Infof("imported %4d headers%s in %9v. #%v [%x… / %x…]", stats.processed, ignored, common.PrettyDuration(time.Since(start)), last.Number, first.Hash().Bytes()[:4], last.Hash().Bytes()[:4])

    return 0, nil
}

// GetBlockHashesFromHash retrieves a number of block hashes starting at a given
// hash, fetching towards the genesis block.
func (hc *HeaderChain) GetBlockHashesFromHash(hash common.Hash, max uint64) []common.Hash {
    // Get the origin header from which to fetch
    header := hc.GetHeaderByHash(hash)
    if header == nil {
        return nil
    }
    // Iterate the headers until enough is collected or the genesis reached
    chain := make([]common.Hash, 0, max)
    for i := uint64(0); i < max; i++ {
        next := header.ParentHash
        if header = hc.GetHeader(next, header.Number.Uint64()-1); header == nil {
            break
        }
        chain = append(chain, next)
        if header.Number.Cmp(common.Big0) == 0 {
            break
        }
    }
    return chain
}

// GetTd retrieves a block's total difficulty in the canonical chain from the
// database by hash and number, caching it if found.
func (hc *HeaderChain) GetTd(hash common.Hash, number uint64) *big.Int {
    // Short circuit if the td's already in the cache, retrieve otherwise
    if cached, ok := hc.tdCache.Get(hash); ok {
        return cached.(*big.Int)
    }
    td := GetTd(hc.chainDb, hash, number)
    if td == nil {
        return nil
    }
    // Cache the found body for next time and return
    hc.tdCache.Add(hash, td)
    return td
}

// GetTdByHash retrieves a block's total difficulty in the canonical chain from the
// database by hash, caching it if found.
func (hc *HeaderChain) GetTdByHash(hash common.Hash) *big.Int {
    return hc.GetTd(hash, hc.GetBlockNumber(hash))
}

// WriteTd stores a block's total difficulty into the database, also caching it
// along the way.
func (hc *HeaderChain) WriteTd(hash common.Hash, number uint64, td *big.Int) error {
    if err := WriteTd(hc.chainDb, hash, number, td); err != nil {
        return err
    }
    hc.tdCache.Add(hash, new(big.Int).Set(td))
    return nil
}

// GetHeader retrieves a block header from the database by hash and number,
// caching it if found.
func (hc *HeaderChain) GetHeader(hash common.Hash, number uint64) *types.Header {
    // Short circuit if the header's already in the cache, retrieve otherwise
    if header, ok := hc.headerCache.Get(hash); ok {
        return header.(*types.Header)
    }
    header := GetHeader(hc.chainDb, hash, number)
    if header == nil {
        return nil
    }
    // Cache the found header for next time and return
    hc.headerCache.Add(hash, header)
    return header
}

// GetHeaderByHash retrieves a block header from the database by hash, caching it if
// found.
func (hc *HeaderChain) GetHeaderByHash(hash common.Hash) *types.Header {
    return hc.GetHeader(hash, hc.GetBlockNumber(hash))
}

// HasHeader checks if a block header is present in the database or not, caching
// it if present.
func (hc *HeaderChain) HasHeader(hash common.Hash) bool {
    return hc.GetHeaderByHash(hash) != nil
}

// GetHeaderByNumber retrieves a block header from the database by number,
// caching it (associated with its hash) if found.
func (hc *HeaderChain) GetHeaderByNumber(number uint64) *types.Header {
    hash := GetCanonicalHash(hc.chainDb, number)
    if hash == (common.Hash{}) {
        return nil
    }
    return hc.GetHeader(hash, number)
}

// CurrentHeader retrieves the current head header of the canonical chain. The
// header is retrieved from the HeaderChain's internal cache.
func (hc *HeaderChain) CurrentHeader() *types.Header {
    return hc.currentHeader
}

// SetCurrentHeader sets the current head header of the canonical chain.
func (hc *HeaderChain) SetCurrentHeader(head *types.Header) {
    if err := WriteHeadHeaderHash(hc.chainDb, head.Hash()); err != nil {
        glog.Fatalf("failed to insert head header hash: %v", err)
    }
    hc.currentHeader = head
    hc.currentHeaderHash = head.Hash()
}

// DeleteCallback is a callback function that is called by SetHead before
// each header is deleted.
type DeleteCallback func(common.Hash, uint64)

// SetHead rewinds the local chain to a new head. Everything above the new head
// will be deleted and the new one set.
func (hc *HeaderChain) SetHead(head uint64, delFn DeleteCallback) {
    height := uint64(0)
    if hc.currentHeader != nil {
        height = hc.currentHeader.Number.Uint64()
    }

    for hc.currentHeader != nil && hc.currentHeader.Number.Uint64() > head {
        hash := hc.currentHeader.Hash()
        num := hc.currentHeader.Number.Uint64()
        if delFn != nil {
            delFn(hash, num)
        }
        DeleteHeader(hc.chainDb, hash, num)
        DeleteTd(hc.chainDb, hash, num)
        hc.currentHeader = hc.GetHeader(hc.currentHeader.ParentHash, hc.currentHeader.Number.Uint64()-1)
    }
    // Roll back the canonical chain numbering
    for i := height; i > head; i-- {
        DeleteCanonicalHash(hc.chainDb, i)
    }
    // Clear out any stale content from the caches
    hc.headerCache.Purge()
    hc.tdCache.Purge()
    hc.numberCache.Purge()

    if hc.currentHeader == nil {
        hc.currentHeader = hc.genesisHeader
    }
    hc.currentHeaderHash = hc.currentHeader.Hash()

    if err := WriteHeadHeaderHash(hc.chainDb, hc.currentHeaderHash); err != nil {
        glog.Fatalf("failed to reset head header hash: %v", err)
    }
}

// SetGenesis sets a new genesis block header for the chain
func (hc *HeaderChain) SetGenesis(head *types.Header) {
    hc.genesisHeader = head
}

// headerValidator is responsible for validating block headers
//
// headerValidator implements HeaderValidator.
type headerValidator struct {
    config *params.ChainConfig
    hc     *HeaderChain // Canonical header chain
    Pow    pow.PoW      // Proof of work used for validating
}

// NewBlockValidator returns a new block validator which is safe for re-use
func NewHeaderValidator(config *params.ChainConfig, chain *HeaderChain, pow pow.PoW) HeaderValidator {
    return &headerValidator{
        config: config,
        Pow:    pow,
        hc:     chain,
    }
}

// ValidateHeader validates the given header and, depending on the pow arg,
// checks the proof of work of the given header. Returns an error if the
// validation failed.
func (v *headerValidator) ValidateHeader(header, parent *types.Header, checkPow bool) error {
    // Short circuit if the parent is missing.
    if parent == nil {
        return ParentError(header.ParentHash)
    }
    // Short circuit if the header's already known or its parent missing
    if v.hc.HasHeader(header.Hash()) {
        return nil
    }
    return ValidateHeader(v.config, v.Pow, header, parent, checkPow, false)
}