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.. index:: type
.. _types:
*****
Types
*****
Solidity is a statically typed language, which means that the type of each
variable (state and local) needs to be specified.
Solidity provides several elementary types which can be combined to form complex types.
In addition, types can interact with each other in expressions containing
operators. For a quick reference of the various operators, see :ref:`order`.
The concept of "undefined" or "null" values does not exist in Solidity, but newly
declared variables always have a :ref:`default value<default-value>` dependent
on its type. To handle any unexpected values, you should use the :ref:`revert function<assert-and-require>` to revert the whole transaction, or return a
tuple with a second `bool` value denoting success.
.. include:: types/value-types.rst
.. include:: types/reference-types.rst
.. index:: !mapping
.. _mapping-types:
Mapping Types
=============
You declare mapping types with the syntax ``mapping(_KeyType => _ValueType)``.
The ``_KeyType`` can be any elementary type. This means it can be any of
the built-in value types plus ``bytes`` and ``string``. User-defined
or complex types like contract types, enums, mappings, structs and any array type
apart from ``bytes`` and ``string`` are not allowed.
``_ValueType`` can be any type, including mappings.
You can think of mappings as `hash tables <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hash_table>`_, which are virtually initialised
such that every possible key exists and is mapped to a value whose
byte-representation is all zeros, a type's :ref:`default value <default-value>`. The similarity ends there, the key data is not stored in a
mapping, only its ``keccak256`` hash is used to look up the value.
Because of this, mappings do not have a length or a concept of a key or
value being set.
Mappings can only have a data location of ``storage`` and thus
are allowed for state variables, as storage reference types
in functions, or as parameters for library functions.
They cannot be used as parameters or return parameters
of contract functions that are publicly visible.
You can mark variables of mapping type as ``public`` and Solidity creates a
:ref:`getter <visibility-and-getters>` for you. The ``_KeyType`` becomes a
parameter for the getter. If ``_ValueType`` is a value type or a struct,
the getter returns ``_ValueType``.
If ``_ValueType`` is an array or a mapping, the getter has one parameter for
each ``_KeyType``, recursively. For example with a mapping:
::
pragma solidity >=0.4.0 <0.6.0;
contract MappingExample {
mapping(address => uint) public balances;
function update(uint newBalance) public {
balances[msg.sender] = newBalance;
}
}
contract MappingUser {
function f() public returns (uint) {
MappingExample m = new MappingExample();
m.update(100);
return m.balances(address(this));
}
}
.. note::
Mappings are not iterable, but it is possible to implement a data structure
on top of them. For an example, see `iterable mapping <https://github.com/ethereum/dapp-bin/blob/master/library/iterable_mapping.sol>`_.
.. include:: types/operators.rst
.. include:: types/conversion.rst
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