Merge branch 'release/0.9.25'v0.9.25

20 files changed, 361 insertions, 242 deletions

diff --git a/cmd/geth/admin.go b/cmd/geth/admin.go
index 4c8f110e4..8f9a009d7 100644
--- a/cmd/geth/admin.go
+++ b/cmd/geth/admin.go
@@ -88,6 +88,7 @@ func (js *jsre) adminBindings() {
 	debug.Set("getBlockRlp", js.getBlockRlp)
 	debug.Set("setHead", js.setHead)
 	debug.Set("processBlock", js.debugBlock)
+	debug.Set("seedhash", js.seedHash)
 	// undocumented temporary
 	debug.Set("waitForBlocks", js.waitForBlocks)
 }
@@ -118,6 +119,27 @@ func (js *jsre) getBlock(call otto.FunctionCall) (*types.Block, error) {
 	return block, nil
 }
 
+func (js *jsre) seedHash(call otto.FunctionCall) otto.Value {
+	if len(call.ArgumentList) > 0 {
+		if call.Argument(0).IsNumber() {
+			num, _ := call.Argument(0).ToInteger()
+			hash, err := ethash.GetSeedHash(uint64(num))
+			if err != nil {
+				fmt.Println(err)
+				return otto.UndefinedValue()
+			}
+			v, _ := call.Otto.ToValue(fmt.Sprintf("0x%x", hash))
+			return v
+		} else {
+			fmt.Println("arg not a number")
+		}
+	} else {
+		fmt.Println("requires number argument")
+	}
+
+	return otto.UndefinedValue()
+}
+
 func (js *jsre) pendingTransactions(call otto.FunctionCall) otto.Value {
 	txs := js.ethereum.TxPool().GetTransactions()
 
@@ -144,7 +166,8 @@ func (js *jsre) pendingTransactions(call otto.FunctionCall) otto.Value {
 		}
 	}
 
-	return js.re.ToVal(ltxs)
+	v, _ := call.Otto.ToValue(ltxs)
+	return v
 }
 
 func (js *jsre) resend(call otto.FunctionCall) otto.Value {
@@ -175,7 +198,8 @@ func (js *jsre) resend(call otto.FunctionCall) otto.Value {
 		}
 		js.ethereum.TxPool().RemoveTransactions(types.Transactions{tx.tx})
 
-		return js.re.ToVal(ret)
+		v, _ := call.Otto.ToValue(ret)
+		return v
 	}
 
 	fmt.Println("first argument must be a transaction")
@@ -198,12 +222,13 @@ func (js *jsre) sign(call otto.FunctionCall) otto.Value {
 		fmt.Println(err)
 		return otto.UndefinedValue()
 	}
-	v, err := js.xeth.Sign(signer, data, false)
+	signed, err := js.xeth.Sign(signer, data, false)
 	if err != nil {
 		fmt.Println(err)
 		return otto.UndefinedValue()
 	}
-	return js.re.ToVal(v)
+	v, _ := call.Otto.ToValue(signed)
+	return v
 }
 
 func (js *jsre) debugBlock(call otto.FunctionCall) otto.Value {
@@ -217,10 +242,11 @@ func (js *jsre) debugBlock(call otto.FunctionCall) otto.Value {
 	vm.Debug = true
 	_, err = js.ethereum.BlockProcessor().RetryProcess(block)
 	if err != nil {
-		glog.Infoln(err)
+		fmt.Println(err)
 	}
 	vm.Debug = old
 
+	fmt.Println("ok")
 	return otto.UndefinedValue()
 }
 
@@ -237,8 +263,8 @@ func (js *jsre) setHead(call otto.FunctionCall) otto.Value {
 
 func (js *jsre) downloadProgress(call otto.FunctionCall) otto.Value {
 	current, max := js.ethereum.Downloader().Stats()
-
-	return js.re.ToVal(fmt.Sprintf("%d/%d", current, max))
+	v, _ := call.Otto.ToValue(fmt.Sprintf("%d/%d", current, max))
+	return v
 }
 
 func (js *jsre) getBlockRlp(call otto.FunctionCall) otto.Value {
@@ -248,7 +274,8 @@ func (js *jsre) getBlockRlp(call otto.FunctionCall) otto.Value {
 		return otto.UndefinedValue()
 	}
 	encoded, _ := rlp.EncodeToBytes(block)
-	return js.re.ToVal(fmt.Sprintf("%x", encoded))
+	v, _ := call.Otto.ToValue(fmt.Sprintf("%x", encoded))
+	return v
 }
 
 func (js *jsre) setExtra(call otto.FunctionCall) otto.Value {
@@ -278,8 +305,9 @@ func (js *jsre) setGasPrice(call otto.FunctionCall) otto.Value {
 	return otto.UndefinedValue()
 }
 
-func (js *jsre) hashrate(otto.FunctionCall) otto.Value {
-	return js.re.ToVal(js.ethereum.Miner().HashRate())
+func (js *jsre) hashrate(call otto.FunctionCall) otto.Value {
+	v, _ := call.Otto.ToValue(js.ethereum.Miner().HashRate())
+	return v
 }
 
 func (js *jsre) makeDAG(call otto.FunctionCall) otto.Value {
@@ -495,15 +523,18 @@ func (js *jsre) newAccount(call otto.FunctionCall) otto.Value {
 		fmt.Printf("Could not create the account: %v", err)
 		return otto.UndefinedValue()
 	}
-	return js.re.ToVal(acct.Address.Hex())
+	v, _ := call.Otto.ToValue(acct.Address.Hex())
+	return v
 }
 
 func (js *jsre) nodeInfo(call otto.FunctionCall) otto.Value {
-	return js.re.ToVal(js.ethereum.NodeInfo())
+	v, _ := call.Otto.ToValue(js.ethereum.NodeInfo())
+	return v
 }
 
 func (js *jsre) peers(call otto.FunctionCall) otto.Value {
-	return js.re.ToVal(js.ethereum.PeersInfo())
+	v, _ := call.Otto.ToValue(js.ethereum.PeersInfo())
+	return v
 }
 
 func (js *jsre) importChain(call otto.FunctionCall) otto.Value {
@@ -562,7 +593,8 @@ func (js *jsre) dumpBlock(call otto.FunctionCall) otto.Value {
 
 	statedb := state.New(block.Root(), js.ethereum.StateDb())
 	dump := statedb.RawDump()
-	return js.re.ToVal(dump)
+	v, _ := call.Otto.ToValue(dump)
+	return v
 }
 
 func (js *jsre) waitForBlocks(call otto.FunctionCall) otto.Value {
@@ -611,7 +643,8 @@ func (js *jsre) waitForBlocks(call otto.FunctionCall) otto.Value {
 		return otto.UndefinedValue()
 	case height = <-wait:
 	}
-	return js.re.ToVal(height.Uint64())
+	v, _ := call.Otto.ToValue(height.Uint64())
+	return v
 }
 
 func (js *jsre) sleep(call otto.FunctionCall) otto.Value {
@@ -704,8 +737,8 @@ func (js *jsre) register(call otto.FunctionCall) otto.Value {
 		return otto.UndefinedValue()
 	}
 
-	return js.re.ToVal(contenthash.Hex())
-
+	v, _ := call.Otto.ToValue(contenthash.Hex())
+	return v
 }
 
 func (js *jsre) registerUrl(call otto.FunctionCall) otto.Value {
@@ -764,7 +797,8 @@ func (js *jsre) getContractInfo(call otto.FunctionCall) otto.Value {
 		fmt.Println(err)
 		return otto.UndefinedValue()
 	}
-	return js.re.ToVal(info)
+	v, _ := call.Otto.ToValue(info)
+	return v
 }
 
 func (js *jsre) startNatSpec(call otto.FunctionCall) otto.Value {
diff --git a/cmd/geth/js.go b/cmd/geth/js.go
index 342a80bd2..0fb234d45 100644
--- a/cmd/geth/js.go
+++ b/cmd/geth/js.go
@@ -104,7 +104,7 @@ func newJSRE(ethereum *eth.Ethereum, libPath, corsDomain string, interactive boo
 func (js *jsre) apiBindings(f xeth.Frontend) {
 	xe := xeth.New(js.ethereum, f)
 	ethApi := rpc.NewEthereumApi(xe)
-	jeth := rpc.NewJeth(ethApi, js.re.ToVal, js.re)
+	jeth := rpc.NewJeth(ethApi, js.re)
 
 	js.re.Set("jeth", struct{}{})
 	t, _ := js.re.Get("jeth")
diff --git a/cmd/geth/js_test.go b/cmd/geth/js_test.go
index 41e1034e9..dee25e44e 100644
--- a/cmd/geth/js_test.go
+++ b/cmd/geth/js_test.go
@@ -35,6 +35,7 @@ const (
 
 var (
 	versionRE   = regexp.MustCompile(strconv.Quote(`"compilerVersion":"` + solcVersion + `"`))
+	testNodeKey = crypto.ToECDSA(common.Hex2Bytes("4b50fa71f5c3eeb8fdc452224b2395af2fcc3d125e06c32c82e048c0559db03f"))
 	testGenesis = `{"` + testAddress[2:] + `": {"balance": "` + testBalance + `"}}`
 )
 
@@ -72,6 +73,7 @@ func testJEthRE(t *testing.T) (string, *testjethre, *eth.Ethereum) {
 	ks := crypto.NewKeyStorePlain(filepath.Join(tmp, "keystore"))
 	am := accounts.NewManager(ks)
 	ethereum, err := eth.New(&eth.Config{
+		NodeKey:        testNodeKey,
 		DataDir:        tmp,
 		AccountManager: am,
 		MaxPeers:       0,
@@ -122,7 +124,7 @@ func TestNodeInfo(t *testing.T) {
 	}
 	defer ethereum.Stop()
 	defer os.RemoveAll(tmp)
-	want := `{"DiscPort":0,"IP":"0.0.0.0","ListenAddr":"","Name":"test","NodeID":"00000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000","NodeUrl":"enode://00000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000@0.0.0.0:0","TCPPort":0,"Td":"0"}`
+	want := `{"DiscPort":0,"IP":"0.0.0.0","ListenAddr":"","Name":"test","NodeID":"4cb2fc32924e94277bf94b5e4c983beedb2eabd5a0bc941db32202735c6625d020ca14a5963d1738af43b6ac0a711d61b1a06de931a499fe2aa0b1a132a902b5","NodeUrl":"enode://4cb2fc32924e94277bf94b5e4c983beedb2eabd5a0bc941db32202735c6625d020ca14a5963d1738af43b6ac0a711d61b1a06de931a499fe2aa0b1a132a902b5@0.0.0.0:0","TCPPort":0,"Td":"131072"}`
 	checkEvalJSON(t, repl, `admin.nodeInfo()`, want)
 }
 
diff --git a/cmd/geth/main.go b/cmd/geth/main.go
index 56f383b77..0cbf8e41a 100644
--- a/cmd/geth/main.go
+++ b/cmd/geth/main.go
@@ -48,7 +48,7 @@ import _ "net/http/pprof"
 
 const (
 	ClientIdentifier = "Geth"
-	Version          = "0.9.24"
+	Version          = "0.9.25"
 )
 
 var (
@@ -260,6 +260,7 @@ JavaScript API. See https://github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/wiki/Javascipt-Conso
 		utils.AutoDAGFlag,
 		utils.NATFlag,
 		utils.NatspecEnabledFlag,
+		utils.NoDiscoverFlag,
 		utils.NodeKeyFileFlag,
 		utils.NodeKeyHexFlag,
 		utils.RPCEnabledFlag,
@@ -532,9 +533,9 @@ func importchain(ctx *cli.Context) {
 	}
 
 	// force database flush
-	ethereum.BlockDb().Close()
-	ethereum.StateDb().Close()
-	ethereum.ExtraDb().Close()
+	ethereum.BlockDb().Flush()
+	ethereum.StateDb().Flush()
+	ethereum.ExtraDb().Flush()
 
 	fmt.Printf("Import done in %v", time.Since(start))
 
@@ -629,9 +630,9 @@ func upgradeDb(ctx *cli.Context) {
 	}
 
 	// force database flush
-	ethereum.BlockDb().Close()
-	ethereum.StateDb().Close()
-	ethereum.ExtraDb().Close()
+	ethereum.BlockDb().Flush()
+	ethereum.StateDb().Flush()
+	ethereum.ExtraDb().Flush()
 
 	os.Remove(exportFile)
 
diff --git a/cmd/utils/flags.go b/cmd/utils/flags.go
index cb774aa5b..155110ddc 100644
--- a/cmd/utils/flags.go
+++ b/cmd/utils/flags.go
@@ -235,6 +235,10 @@ var (
 		Usage: "NAT port mapping mechanism (any|none|upnp|pmp|extip:<IP>)",
 		Value: "any",
 	}
+	NoDiscoverFlag = cli.BoolFlag{
+		Name:  "nodiscover",
+		Usage: "Disables the peer discovery mechanism (manual peer addition)",
+	}
 	WhisperEnabledFlag = cli.BoolFlag{
 		Name:  "shh",
 		Usage: "Enable whisper",
@@ -312,6 +316,7 @@ func MakeEthConfig(clientID, version string, ctx *cli.Context) *eth.Config {
 		Port:               ctx.GlobalString(ListenPortFlag.Name),
 		NAT:                GetNAT(ctx),
 		NatSpec:            ctx.GlobalBool(NatspecEnabledFlag.Name),
+		Discovery:          !ctx.GlobalBool(NoDiscoverFlag.Name),
 		NodeKey:            GetNodeKey(ctx),
 		Shh:                ctx.GlobalBool(WhisperEnabledFlag.Name),
 		Dial:               true,
@@ -320,7 +325,6 @@ func MakeEthConfig(clientID, version string, ctx *cli.Context) *eth.Config {
 		SolcPath:           ctx.GlobalString(SolcPathFlag.Name),
 		AutoDAG:            ctx.GlobalBool(AutoDAGFlag.Name) || ctx.GlobalBool(MiningEnabledFlag.Name),
 	}
-
 }
 
 func GetChain(ctx *cli.Context) (*core.ChainManager, common.Database, common.Database) {
diff --git a/common/compiler/solidity.go b/common/compiler/solidity.go
index 0cfd41c95..caf86974e 100644
--- a/common/compiler/solidity.go
+++ b/common/compiler/solidity.go
@@ -34,6 +34,8 @@ var (
 		"file",           //
 		"--natspec-dev",  // Request to output the contract's Natspec developer documentation.
 		"file",
+		"--add-std",
+		"1",
 	}
 )
 
diff --git a/core/block_processor.go b/core/block_processor.go
index 3f10e5efd..e808c03da 100644
--- a/core/block_processor.go
+++ b/core/block_processor.go
@@ -21,7 +21,7 @@ import (
 const (
 	// must be bumped when consensus algorithm is changed, this forces the upgradedb
 	// command to be run (forces the blocks to be imported again using the new algorithm)
-	BlockChainVersion = 2
+	BlockChainVersion = 3
 )
 
 var receiptsPre = []byte("receipts-")
@@ -159,6 +159,9 @@ func (sm *BlockProcessor) RetryProcess(block *types.Block) (logs state.Logs, err
 		return nil, ParentError(header.ParentHash)
 	}
 	parent := sm.bc.GetBlock(header.ParentHash)
+	if !sm.Pow.Verify(block) {
+		return nil, ValidationError("Block's nonce is invalid (= %x)", block.Nonce)
+	}
 
 	return sm.processWithParent(block, parent)
 }
@@ -299,7 +302,7 @@ func (sm *BlockProcessor) ValidateHeader(block, parent *types.Header, checkPow b
 	a := new(big.Int).Sub(block.GasLimit, parent.GasLimit)
 	a.Abs(a)
 	b := new(big.Int).Div(parent.GasLimit, params.GasLimitBoundDivisor)
-	if !(a.Cmp(b) < 0) || (block.GasLimit.Cmp(params.MinGasLimit) == -1) {
+	if !(a.Cmp(b) <= 0) || (block.GasLimit.Cmp(params.MinGasLimit) == -1) {
 		return fmt.Errorf("GasLimit check failed for block %v (%v > %v)", block.GasLimit, a, b)
 	}
 
diff --git a/core/chain_manager.go b/core/chain_manager.go
index 2b86bb794..ec479db25 100644
--- a/core/chain_manager.go
+++ b/core/chain_manager.go
@@ -750,7 +750,7 @@ out:
 
 func blockErr(block *types.Block, err error) {
 	h := block.Header()
-	glog.V(logger.Error).Infof("INVALID block #%v (%x)\n", h.Number, h.Hash().Bytes())
+	glog.V(logger.Error).Infof("Bad block #%v (%x)\n", h.Number, h.Hash().Bytes())
 	glog.V(logger.Error).Infoln(err)
 	glog.V(logger.Debug).Infoln(block)
 }
diff --git a/core/transaction_pool.go b/core/transaction_pool.go
index e68f7406a..c896488d1 100644
--- a/core/transaction_pool.go
+++ b/core/transaction_pool.go
@@ -25,6 +25,7 @@ var (
 	ErrInsufficientFunds  = errors.New("Insufficient funds for gas * price + value")
 	ErrIntrinsicGas       = errors.New("Intrinsic gas too low")
 	ErrGasLimit           = errors.New("Exceeds block gas limit")
+	ErrNegativeValue      = errors.New("Negative value")
 )
 
 const txPoolQueueSize = 50
@@ -125,6 +126,10 @@ func (pool *TxPool) ValidateTransaction(tx *types.Transaction) error {
 		return ErrGasLimit
 	}
 
+	if tx.Amount.Cmp(common.Big0) < 0 {
+		return ErrNegativeValue
+	}
+
 	total := new(big.Int).Mul(tx.Price, tx.GasLimit)
 	total.Add(total, tx.Value())
 	if pool.currentState().GetBalance(from).Cmp(total) < 0 {
diff --git a/core/transaction_pool_test.go b/core/transaction_pool_test.go
index 49224be5b..d6ea4a2a9 100644
--- a/core/transaction_pool_test.go
+++ b/core/transaction_pool_test.go
@@ -138,3 +138,17 @@ func TestRemoveTx(t *testing.T) {
 		t.Error("expected txs to be 0, got", len(pool.txs))
 	}
 }
+
+func TestNegativeValue(t *testing.T) {
+	pool, key := setupTxPool()
+
+	tx := transaction()
+	tx.Value().Set(big.NewInt(-1))
+	tx.SignECDSA(key)
+	from, _ := tx.From()
+	pool.currentState().AddBalance(from, big.NewInt(1))
+	err := pool.Add(tx)
+	if err != ErrNegativeValue {
+		t.Error("expected", ErrNegativeValue, "got", err)
+	}
+}
diff --git a/eth/backend.go b/eth/backend.go
index aeaac788a..18e214d44 100644
--- a/eth/backend.go
+++ b/eth/backend.go
@@ -72,6 +72,7 @@ type Config struct {
 
 	MaxPeers        int
 	MaxPendingPeers int
+	Discovery       bool
 	Port            string
 
 	// Space-separated list of discovery node URLs
@@ -311,6 +312,7 @@ func New(config *Config) (*Ethereum, error) {
 		Name:            config.Name,
 		MaxPeers:        config.MaxPeers,
 		MaxPendingPeers: config.MaxPendingPeers,
+		Discovery:       config.Discovery,
 		Protocols:       protocols,
 		NAT:             config.NAT,
 		NoDial:          !config.Dial,
@@ -449,14 +451,10 @@ func (s *Ethereum) Start() error {
 		ClientString:    s.net.Name,
 		ProtocolVersion: ProtocolVersion,
 	})
-
-	if s.net.MaxPeers > 0 {
-		err := s.net.Start()
-		if err != nil {
-			return err
-		}
+	err := s.net.Start()
+	if err != nil {
+		return err
 	}
-
 	// periodically flush databases
 	go s.syncDatabases()
 
diff --git a/eth/downloader/downloader.go b/eth/downloader/downloader.go
index 0634baaed..421c336f2 100644
--- a/eth/downloader/downloader.go
+++ b/eth/downloader/downloader.go
@@ -415,7 +415,7 @@ out:
 					peer.Demote()
 					break
 				}
-				if glog.V(logger.Debug) {
+				if glog.V(logger.Debug) && len(blockPack.blocks) > 0 {
 					glog.Infof("Added %d blocks from: %s\n", len(blockPack.blocks), blockPack.peerId)
 				}
 				// Promote the peer and update it's idle state
diff --git a/eth/sync.go b/eth/sync.go
index d93f83a78..cf549f852 100644
--- a/eth/sync.go
+++ b/eth/sync.go
@@ -70,7 +70,6 @@ func (pm *ProtocolManager) processBlocks() error {
 		// Try to inset the blocks, drop the originating peer if there's an error
 		index, err := pm.chainman.InsertChain(raw)
 		if err != nil {
-			glog.V(logger.Warn).Infof("Block insertion failed: %v", err)
 			pm.removePeer(blocks[index].OriginPeer)
 			pm.downloader.Cancel()
 			return err
diff --git a/jsre/jsre.go b/jsre/jsre.go
index a6dd117a3..3d648f02c 100644
--- a/jsre/jsre.go
+++ b/jsre/jsre.go
@@ -19,9 +19,7 @@ It provides some helper functions to
 - bind native go objects
 */
 type JSRE struct {
-	assetPath string
-	vm        *otto.Otto
-
+	assetPath     string
 	evalQueue     chan *evalReq
 	stopEventLoop chan bool
 	loopWg        sync.WaitGroup
@@ -35,68 +33,37 @@ type jsTimer struct {
 	call     otto.FunctionCall
 }
 
-// evalResult is a structure to store the result of any serialized vm execution
-type evalResult struct {
-	result otto.Value
-	err    error
-}
-
-// evalReq is a serialized vm execution request put in evalQueue and processed by runEventLoop
+// evalReq is a serialized vm execution request processed by runEventLoop.
 type evalReq struct {
-	fn   func(res *evalResult)
+	fn   func(vm *otto.Otto)
 	done chan bool
-	res  evalResult
 }
 
 // runtime must be stopped with Stop() after use and cannot be used after stopping
 func New(assetPath string) *JSRE {
 	re := &JSRE{
-		assetPath: assetPath,
-		vm:        otto.New(),
+		assetPath:     assetPath,
+		evalQueue:     make(chan *evalReq),
+		stopEventLoop: make(chan bool),
 	}
-
-	// load prettyprint func definition
-	re.vm.Run(pp_js)
-	re.vm.Set("loadScript", re.loadScript)
-
-	re.evalQueue = make(chan *evalReq)
-	re.stopEventLoop = make(chan bool)
 	re.loopWg.Add(1)
 	go re.runEventLoop()
-
+	re.Compile("pp.js", pp_js) // load prettyprint func definition
+	re.Set("loadScript", re.loadScript)
 	return re
 }
 
-// this function runs a piece of JS code either in a serialized way (when useEQ is true) or instantly, circumventing the evalQueue
-func (self *JSRE) run(src interface{}, useEQ bool) (value otto.Value, err error) {
-	if useEQ {
-		done := make(chan bool)
-		req := &evalReq{
-			fn: func(res *evalResult) {
-				res.result, res.err = self.vm.Run(src)
-			},
-			done: done,
-		}
-		self.evalQueue <- req
-		<-done
-		return req.res.result, req.res.err
-	} else {
-		return self.vm.Run(src)
-	}
-}
+// This function runs the main event loop from a goroutine that is started
+// when JSRE is created. Use Stop() before exiting to properly stop it.
+// The event loop processes vm access requests from the evalQueue in a
+// serialized way and calls timer callback functions at the appropriate time.
 
-/*
-This function runs the main event loop from a goroutine that is started
- when JSRE is created. Use Stop() before exiting to properly stop it.
-The event loop processes vm access requests from the evalQueue in a
- serialized way and calls timer callback functions at the appropriate time.
-
-Exported functions always access the vm through the event queue. You can
- call the functions of the otto vm directly to circumvent the queue. These
- functions should be used if and only if running a routine that was already
- called from JS through an RPC call.
-*/
+// Exported functions always access the vm through the event queue. You can
+// call the functions of the otto vm directly to circumvent the queue. These
+// functions should be used if and only if running a routine that was already
+// called from JS through an RPC call.
 func (self *JSRE) runEventLoop() {
+	vm := otto.New()
 	registry := map[*jsTimer]*jsTimer{}
 	ready := make(chan *jsTimer)
 
@@ -143,10 +110,10 @@ func (self *JSRE) runEventLoop() {
 		}
 		return otto.UndefinedValue()
 	}
-	self.vm.Set("setTimeout", setTimeout)
-	self.vm.Set("setInterval", setInterval)
-	self.vm.Set("clearTimeout", clearTimeout)
-	self.vm.Set("clearInterval", clearTimeout)
+	vm.Set("setTimeout", setTimeout)
+	vm.Set("setInterval", setInterval)
+	vm.Set("clearTimeout", clearTimeout)
+	vm.Set("clearInterval", clearTimeout)
 
 	var waitForCallbacks bool
 
@@ -166,8 +133,7 @@ loop:
 				arguments = make([]interface{}, 1)
 			}
 			arguments[0] = timer.call.ArgumentList[0]
-			_, err := self.vm.Call(`Function.call.call`, nil, arguments...)
-
+			_, err := vm.Call(`Function.call.call`, nil, arguments...)
 			if err != nil {
 				fmt.Println("js error:", err, arguments)
 			}
@@ -179,10 +145,10 @@ loop:
 					break loop
 				}
 			}
-		case evalReq := <-self.evalQueue:
+		case req := <-self.evalQueue:
 			// run the code, send the result back
-			evalReq.fn(&evalReq.res)
-			close(evalReq.done)
+			req.fn(vm)
+			close(req.done)
 			if waitForCallbacks && (len(registry) == 0) {
 				break loop
 			}
@@ -201,6 +167,14 @@ loop:
 	self.loopWg.Done()
 }
 
+// do schedules the given function on the event loop.
+func (self *JSRE) do(fn func(*otto.Otto)) {
+	done := make(chan bool)
+	req := &evalReq{fn, done}
+	self.evalQueue <- req
+	<-done
+}
+
 // stops the event loop before exit, optionally waits for all timers to expire
 func (self *JSRE) Stop(waitForCallbacks bool) {
 	self.stopEventLoop <- waitForCallbacks
@@ -210,119 +184,78 @@ func (self *JSRE) Stop(waitForCallbacks bool) {
 // Exec(file) loads and runs the contents of a file
 // if a relative path is given, the jsre's assetPath is used
 func (self *JSRE) Exec(file string) error {
-	return self.exec(common.AbsolutePath(self.assetPath, file), true)
-}
-
-// circumvents the eval queue, see runEventLoop
-func (self *JSRE) execWithoutEQ(file string) error {
-	return self.exec(common.AbsolutePath(self.assetPath, file), false)
-}
-
-func (self *JSRE) exec(path string, useEQ bool) error {
-	code, err := ioutil.ReadFile(path)
+	code, err := ioutil.ReadFile(common.AbsolutePath(self.assetPath, file))
 	if err != nil {
 		return err
 	}
-	_, err = self.run(code, useEQ)
+	self.do(func(vm *otto.Otto) { _, err = vm.Run(code) })
 	return err
 }
 
-// assigns value v to a variable in the JS environment
-func (self *JSRE) Bind(name string, v interface{}) (err error) {
-	self.Set(name, v)
-	return
+// Bind assigns value v to a variable in the JS environment
+// This method is deprecated, use Set.
+func (self *JSRE) Bind(name string, v interface{}) error {
+	return self.Set(name, v)
 }
 
-// runs a piece of JS code
-func (self *JSRE) Run(code string) (otto.Value, error) {
-	return self.run(code, true)
+// Run runs a piece of JS code.
+func (self *JSRE) Run(code string) (v otto.Value, err error) {
+	self.do(func(vm *otto.Otto) { v, err = vm.Run(code) })
+	return v, err
 }
 
-// returns the value of a variable in the JS environment
-func (self *JSRE) Get(ns string) (otto.Value, error) {
-	done := make(chan bool)
-	req := &evalReq{
-		fn: func(res *evalResult) {
-			res.result, res.err = self.vm.Get(ns)
-		},
-		done: done,
-	}
-	self.evalQueue <- req
-	<-done
-	return req.res.result, req.res.err
+// Get returns the value of a variable in the JS environment.
+func (self *JSRE) Get(ns string) (v otto.Value, err error) {
+	self.do(func(vm *otto.Otto) { v, err = vm.Get(ns) })
+	return v, err
 }
 
-// assigns value v to a variable in the JS environment
-func (self *JSRE) Set(ns string, v interface{}) error {
-	done := make(chan bool)
-	req := &evalReq{
-		fn: func(res *evalResult) {
-			res.err = self.vm.Set(ns, v)
-		},
-		done: done,
-	}
-	self.evalQueue <- req
-	<-done
-	return req.res.err
+// Set assigns value v to a variable in the JS environment.
+func (self *JSRE) Set(ns string, v interface{}) (err error) {
+	self.do(func(vm *otto.Otto) { err = vm.Set(ns, v) })
+	return err
 }
 
-/*
-Executes a JS script from inside the currently executing JS code.
-Should only be called from inside an RPC routine.
-*/
+// loadScript executes a JS script from inside the currently executing JS code.
 func (self *JSRE) loadScript(call otto.FunctionCall) otto.Value {
 	file, err := call.Argument(0).ToString()
 	if err != nil {
+		// TODO: throw exception
+		return otto.FalseValue()
+	}
+	file = common.AbsolutePath(self.assetPath, file)
+	source, err := ioutil.ReadFile(file)
+	if err != nil {
+		// TODO: throw exception
 		return otto.FalseValue()
 	}
-	if err := self.execWithoutEQ(file); err != nil { // loadScript is only called from inside js
+	if _, err := compileAndRun(call.Otto, file, source); err != nil {
+		// TODO: throw exception
 		fmt.Println("err:", err)
 		return otto.FalseValue()
 	}
-
+	// TODO: return evaluation result
 	return otto.TrueValue()
 }
 
-// uses the "prettyPrint" JS function to format a value
+// PrettyPrint writes v to standard output.
 func (self *JSRE) PrettyPrint(v interface{}) (val otto.Value, err error) {
 	var method otto.Value
-	v, err = self.ToValue(v)
-	if err != nil {
-		return
-	}
-	method, err = self.vm.Get("prettyPrint")
-	if err != nil {
-		return
-	}
-	return method.Call(method, v)
-}
-
-// creates an otto value from a go type (serialized version)
-func (self *JSRE) ToValue(v interface{}) (otto.Value, error) {
-	done := make(chan bool)
-	req := &evalReq{
-		fn: func(res *evalResult) {
-			res.result, res.err = self.vm.ToValue(v)
-		},
-		done: done,
-	}
-	self.evalQueue <- req
-	<-done
-	return req.res.result, req.res.err
-}
-
-// creates an otto value from a go type (non-serialized version)
-func (self *JSRE) ToVal(v interface{}) otto.Value {
-
-	result, err := self.vm.ToValue(v)
-	if err != nil {
-		fmt.Println("Value unknown:", err)
-		return otto.UndefinedValue()
-	}
-	return result
+	self.do(func(vm *otto.Otto) {
+		val, err = vm.ToValue(v)
+		if err != nil {
+			return
+		}
+		method, err = vm.Get("prettyPrint")
+		if err != nil {
+			return
+		}
+		val, err = method.Call(method, val)
+	})
+	return val, err
 }
 
-// evaluates JS function and returns result in a pretty printed string format
+// Eval evaluates JS function and returns result in a pretty printed string format.
 func (self *JSRE) Eval(code string) (s string, err error) {
 	var val otto.Value
 	val, err = self.Run(code)
@@ -336,12 +269,16 @@ func (self *JSRE) Eval(code string) (s string, err error) {
 	return fmt.Sprintf("%v", val), nil
 }
 
-// compiles and then runs a piece of JS code
-func (self *JSRE) Compile(fn string, src interface{}) error {
-	script, err := self.vm.Compile(fn, src)
+// Compile compiles and then runs a piece of JS code.
+func (self *JSRE) Compile(filename string, src interface{}) (err error) {
+	self.do(func(vm *otto.Otto) { _, err = compileAndRun(vm, filename, src) })
+	return err
+}
+
+func compileAndRun(vm *otto.Otto, filename string, src interface{}) (otto.Value, error) {
+	script, err := vm.Compile(filename, src)
 	if err != nil {
-		return err
+		return otto.Value{}, err
 	}
-	self.run(script, true)
-	return nil
+	return vm.Run(script)
 }
diff --git a/jsre/jsre_test.go b/jsre/jsre_test.go
index 5eaca2b91..42308de88 100644
--- a/jsre/jsre_test.go
+++ b/jsre/jsre_test.go
@@ -1,16 +1,15 @@
 package jsre
 
 import (
-	"github.com/robertkrimen/otto"
 	"io/ioutil"
 	"os"
 	"testing"
 	"time"
+
+	"github.com/robertkrimen/otto"
 )
 
-type testNativeObjectBinding struct {
-	toVal func(interface{}) otto.Value
-}
+type testNativeObjectBinding struct{}
 
 type msg struct {
 	Msg string
@@ -21,7 +20,8 @@ func (no *testNativeObjectBinding) TestMethod(call otto.FunctionCall) otto.Value
 	if err != nil {
 		return otto.UndefinedValue()
 	}
-	return no.toVal(&msg{m})
+	v, _ := call.Otto.ToValue(&msg{m})
+	return v
 }
 
 func TestExec(t *testing.T) {
@@ -74,7 +74,7 @@ func TestNatto(t *testing.T) {
 func TestBind(t *testing.T) {
 	jsre := New("/tmp")
 
-	jsre.Bind("no", &testNativeObjectBinding{jsre.ToVal})
+	jsre.Bind("no", &testNativeObjectBinding{})
 
 	val, err := jsre.Run(`no.TestMethod("testMsg")`)
 	if err != nil {
diff --git a/p2p/discover/database.go b/p2p/discover/database.go
index 3a3f1254b..1b73c3dea 100644
--- a/p2p/discover/database.go
+++ b/p2p/discover/database.go
@@ -44,9 +44,10 @@ var (
 	nodeDBVersionKey = []byte("version") // Version of the database to flush if changes
 	nodeDBItemPrefix = []byte("n:")      // Identifier to prefix node entries with
 
-	nodeDBDiscoverRoot = ":discover"
-	nodeDBDiscoverPing = nodeDBDiscoverRoot + ":lastping"
-	nodeDBDiscoverPong = nodeDBDiscoverRoot + ":lastpong"
+	nodeDBDiscoverRoot      = ":discover"
+	nodeDBDiscoverPing      = nodeDBDiscoverRoot + ":lastping"
+	nodeDBDiscoverPong      = nodeDBDiscoverRoot + ":lastpong"
+	nodeDBDiscoverFindFails = nodeDBDiscoverRoot + ":findfail"
 )
 
 // newNodeDB creates a new node database for storing and retrieving infos about
@@ -275,6 +276,16 @@ func (db *nodeDB) updateLastPong(id NodeID, instance time.Time) error {
 	return db.storeInt64(makeKey(id, nodeDBDiscoverPong), instance.Unix())
 }
 
+// findFails retrieves the number of findnode failures since bonding.
+func (db *nodeDB) findFails(id NodeID) int {
+	return int(db.fetchInt64(makeKey(id, nodeDBDiscoverFindFails)))
+}
+
+// updateFindFails updates the number of findnode failures since bonding.
+func (db *nodeDB) updateFindFails(id NodeID, fails int) error {
+	return db.storeInt64(makeKey(id, nodeDBDiscoverFindFails), int64(fails))
+}
+
 // querySeeds retrieves a batch of nodes to be used as potential seed servers
 // during bootstrapping the node into the network.
 //
diff --git a/p2p/discover/database_test.go b/p2p/discover/database_test.go
index 88f5d2155..4fce164ca 100644
--- a/p2p/discover/database_test.go
+++ b/p2p/discover/database_test.go
@@ -93,6 +93,7 @@ func TestNodeDBFetchStore(t *testing.T) {
 		30303,
 	)
 	inst := time.Now()
+	num := 314
 
 	db, _ := newNodeDB("", Version, NodeID{})
 	defer db.close()
@@ -117,6 +118,16 @@ func TestNodeDBFetchStore(t *testing.T) {
 	if stored := db.lastPong(node.ID); stored.Unix() != inst.Unix() {
 		t.Errorf("pong: value mismatch: have %v, want %v", stored, inst)
 	}
+	// Check fetch/store operations on a node findnode-failure object
+	if stored := db.findFails(node.ID); stored != 0 {
+		t.Errorf("find-node fails: non-existing object: %v", stored)
+	}
+	if err := db.updateFindFails(node.ID, num); err != nil {
+		t.Errorf("find-node fails: failed to update: %v", err)
+	}
+	if stored := db.findFails(node.ID); stored != num {
+		t.Errorf("find-node fails: value mismatch: have %v, want %v", stored, num)
+	}
 	// Check fetch/store operations on an actual node object
 	if stored := db.node(node.ID); stored != nil {
 		t.Errorf("node: non-existing object: %v", stored)
diff --git a/p2p/discover/table.go b/p2p/discover/table.go
index b523a0684..4b7ddb775 100644
--- a/p2p/discover/table.go
+++ b/p2p/discover/table.go
@@ -27,6 +27,7 @@ const (
 	nBuckets   = hashBits + 1 // Number of buckets
 
 	maxBondingPingPongs = 16
+	maxFindnodeFailures = 5
 )
 
 type Table struct {
@@ -190,6 +191,12 @@ func (tab *Table) Lookup(targetID NodeID) []*Node {
 	result := tab.closest(target, bucketSize)
 	tab.mutex.Unlock()
 
+	// If the result set is empty, all nodes were dropped, refresh
+	if len(result.entries) == 0 {
+		tab.refresh()
+		return nil
+	}
+
 	for {
 		// ask the alpha closest nodes that we haven't asked yet
 		for i := 0; i < len(result.entries) && pendingQueries < alpha; i++ {
@@ -198,7 +205,19 @@ func (tab *Table) Lookup(targetID NodeID) []*Node {
 				asked[n.ID] = true
 				pendingQueries++
 				go func() {
-					r, _ := tab.net.findnode(n.ID, n.addr(), targetID)
+					// Find potential neighbors to bond with
+					r, err := tab.net.findnode(n.ID, n.addr(), targetID)
+					if err != nil {
+						// Bump the failure counter to detect and evacuate non-bonded entries
+						fails := tab.db.findFails(n.ID) + 1
+						tab.db.updateFindFails(n.ID, fails)
+						glog.V(logger.Detail).Infof("Bumping failures for %x: %d", n.ID[:8], fails)
+
+						if fails >= maxFindnodeFailures {
+							glog.V(logger.Detail).Infof("Evacuating node %x: %d findnode failures", n.ID[:8], fails)
+							tab.del(n)
+						}
+					}
 					reply <- tab.bondall(r)
 				}()
 			}
@@ -219,30 +238,53 @@ func (tab *Table) Lookup(targetID NodeID) []*Node {
 	return result.entries
 }
 
-// refresh performs a lookup for a random target to keep buckets full.
+// refresh performs a lookup for a random target to keep buckets full, or seeds
+// the table if it is empty (initial bootstrap or discarded faulty peers).
 func (tab *Table) refresh() {
-	// The Kademlia paper specifies that the bucket refresh should
-	// perform a refresh in the least recently used bucket. We cannot
-	// adhere to this because the findnode target is a 512bit value
-	// (not hash-sized) and it is not easily possible to generate a
-	// sha3 preimage that falls into a chosen bucket.
-	//
-	// We perform a lookup with a random target instead.
-	var target NodeID
-	rand.Read(target[:])
-	result := tab.Lookup(target)
-	if len(result) == 0 {
+	seed := true
+
+	// If the discovery table is empty, seed with previously known nodes
+	tab.mutex.Lock()
+	for _, bucket := range tab.buckets {
+		if len(bucket.entries) > 0 {
+			seed = false
+			break
+		}
+	}
+	tab.mutex.Unlock()
+
+	// If the table is not empty, try to refresh using the live entries
+	if !seed {
+		// The Kademlia paper specifies that the bucket refresh should
+		// perform a refresh in the least recently used bucket. We cannot
+		// adhere to this because the findnode target is a 512bit value
+		// (not hash-sized) and it is not easily possible to generate a
+		// sha3 preimage that falls into a chosen bucket.
+		//
+		// We perform a lookup with a random target instead.
+		var target NodeID
+		rand.Read(target[:])
+
+		result := tab.Lookup(target)
+		if len(result) == 0 {
+			// Lookup failed, seed after all
+			seed = true
+		}
+	}
+
+	if seed {
 		// Pick a batch of previously know seeds to lookup with
 		seeds := tab.db.querySeeds(10)
 		for _, seed := range seeds {
 			glog.V(logger.Debug).Infoln("Seeding network with", seed)
 		}
-		// Bootstrap the table with a self lookup
-		all := tab.bondall(append(tab.nursery, seeds...))
-		tab.mutex.Lock()
-		tab.add(all)
-		tab.mutex.Unlock()
-		tab.Lookup(tab.self.ID)
+		nodes := append(tab.nursery, seeds...)
+
+		// Bond with all the seed nodes (will pingpong only if failed recently)
+		bonded := tab.bondall(nodes)
+		if len(bonded) > 0 {
+			tab.Lookup(tab.self.ID)
+		}
 		// TODO: the Kademlia paper says that we're supposed to perform
 		// random lookups in all buckets further away than our closest neighbor.
 	}
@@ -305,8 +347,16 @@ func (tab *Table) bondall(nodes []*Node) (result []*Node) {
 // If pinged is true, the remote node has just pinged us and one half
 // of the process can be skipped.
 func (tab *Table) bond(pinged bool, id NodeID, addr *net.UDPAddr, tcpPort uint16) (*Node, error) {
-	var n *Node
-	if n = tab.db.node(id); n == nil {
+	// Retrieve a previously known node and any recent findnode failures
+	node, fails := tab.db.node(id), 0
+	if node != nil {
+		fails = tab.db.findFails(id)
+	}
+	// If the node is unknown (non-bonded) or failed (remotely unknown), bond from scratch
+	var result error
+	if node == nil || fails > 0 {
+		glog.V(logger.Detail).Infof("Bonding %x: known=%v, fails=%v", id[:8], node != nil, fails)
+
 		tab.bondmu.Lock()
 		w := tab.bonding[id]
 		if w != nil {
@@ -325,18 +375,24 @@ func (tab *Table) bond(pinged bool, id NodeID, addr *net.UDPAddr, tcpPort uint16
 			delete(tab.bonding, id)
 			tab.bondmu.Unlock()
 		}
-		n = w.n
-		if w.err != nil {
-			return nil, w.err
+		// Retrieve the bonding results
+		result = w.err
+		if result == nil {
+			node = w.n
 		}
 	}
-	tab.mutex.Lock()
-	defer tab.mutex.Unlock()
-	b := tab.buckets[logdist(tab.self.sha, n.sha)]
-	if !b.bump(n) {
-		tab.pingreplace(n, b)
+	// Even if bonding temporarily failed, give the node a chance
+	if node != nil {
+		tab.mutex.Lock()
+		defer tab.mutex.Unlock()
+
+		b := tab.buckets[logdist(tab.self.sha, node.sha)]
+		if !b.bump(node) {
+			tab.pingreplace(node, b)
+		}
+		tab.db.updateFindFails(id, 0)
 	}
-	return n, nil
+	return node, result
 }
 
 func (tab *Table) pingpong(w *bondproc, pinged bool, id NodeID, addr *net.UDPAddr, tcpPort uint16) {
@@ -414,6 +470,21 @@ outer:
 	}
 }
 
+// del removes an entry from the node table (used to evacuate failed/non-bonded
+// discovery peers).
+func (tab *Table) del(node *Node) {
+	tab.mutex.Lock()
+	defer tab.mutex.Unlock()
+
+	bucket := tab.buckets[logdist(tab.self.sha, node.sha)]
+	for i := range bucket.entries {
+		if bucket.entries[i].ID == node.ID {
+			bucket.entries = append(bucket.entries[:i], bucket.entries[i+1:]...)
+			return
+		}
+	}
+}
+
 func (b *bucket) bump(n *Node) bool {
 	for i := range b.entries {
 		if b.entries[i].ID == n.ID {
diff --git a/p2p/server.go b/p2p/server.go
index af08380e1..589041810 100644
--- a/p2p/server.go
+++ b/p2p/server.go
@@ -55,6 +55,10 @@ type Server struct {
 	// Zero defaults to preset values.
 	MaxPendingPeers int
 
+	// Discovery specifies whether the peer discovery mechanism should be started
+	// or not. Disabling is usually useful for protocol debugging (manual topology).
+	Discovery bool
+
 	// Name sets the node name of this server.
 	// Use common.MakeName to create a name that follows existing conventions.
 	Name string
@@ -237,9 +241,26 @@ func (srv *Server) AddPeer(node *discover.Node) {
 func (srv *Server) Self() *discover.Node {
 	srv.lock.Lock()
 	defer srv.lock.Unlock()
+
+	// If the server's not running, return an empty node
 	if !srv.running {
 		return &discover.Node{IP: net.ParseIP("0.0.0.0")}
 	}
+	// If the node is running but discovery is off, manually assemble the node infos
+	if srv.ntab == nil {
+		// Inbound connections disabled, use zero address
+		if srv.listener == nil {
+			return &discover.Node{IP: net.ParseIP("0.0.0.0"), ID: discover.PubkeyID(&srv.PrivateKey.PublicKey)}
+		}
+		// Otherwise inject the listener address too
+		addr := srv.listener.Addr().(*net.TCPAddr)
+		return &discover.Node{
+			ID:  discover.PubkeyID(&srv.PrivateKey.PublicKey),
+			IP:  addr.IP,
+			TCP: uint16(addr.Port),
+		}
+	}
+	// Otherwise return the live node infos
 	return srv.ntab.Self()
 }
 
@@ -275,9 +296,6 @@ func (srv *Server) Start() (err error) {
 	if srv.PrivateKey == nil {
 		return fmt.Errorf("Server.PrivateKey must be set to a non-nil key")
 	}
-	if srv.MaxPeers <= 0 {
-		return fmt.Errorf("Server.MaxPeers must be > 0")
-	}
 	if srv.newTransport == nil {
 		srv.newTransport = newRLPX
 	}
@@ -293,15 +311,22 @@ func (srv *Server) Start() (err error) {
 	srv.peerOpDone = make(chan struct{})
 
 	// node table
-	ntab, err := discover.ListenUDP(srv.PrivateKey, srv.ListenAddr, srv.NAT, srv.NodeDatabase)
-	if err != nil {
-		return err
+	if srv.Discovery {
+		ntab, err := discover.ListenUDP(srv.PrivateKey, srv.ListenAddr, srv.NAT, srv.NodeDatabase)
+		if err != nil {
+			return err
+		}
+		srv.ntab = ntab
 	}
-	srv.ntab = ntab
-	dialer := newDialState(srv.StaticNodes, srv.ntab, srv.MaxPeers/2)
+
+	dynPeers := srv.MaxPeers / 2
+	if !srv.Discovery {
+		dynPeers = 0
+	}
+	dialer := newDialState(srv.StaticNodes, srv.ntab, dynPeers)
 
 	// handshake
-	srv.ourHandshake = &protoHandshake{Version: baseProtocolVersion, Name: srv.Name, ID: ntab.Self().ID}
+	srv.ourHandshake = &protoHandshake{Version: baseProtocolVersion, Name: srv.Name, ID: discover.PubkeyID(&srv.PrivateKey.PublicKey)}
 	for _, p := range srv.Protocols {
 		srv.ourHandshake.Caps = append(srv.ourHandshake.Caps, p.cap())
 	}
@@ -457,7 +482,9 @@ running:
 	}
 
 	// Terminate discovery. If there is a running lookup it will terminate soon.
-	srv.ntab.Close()
+	if srv.ntab != nil {
+		srv.ntab.Close()
+	}
 	// Disconnect all peers.
 	for _, p := range peers {
 		p.Disconnect(DiscQuitting)
@@ -489,7 +516,7 @@ func (srv *Server) encHandshakeChecks(peers map[discover.NodeID]*Peer, c *conn)
 		return DiscTooManyPeers
 	case peers[c.id] != nil:
 		return DiscAlreadyConnected
-	case c.id == srv.ntab.Self().ID:
+	case c.id == srv.Self().ID:
 		return DiscSelf
 	default:
 		return nil
diff --git a/rpc/jeth.go b/rpc/jeth.go
index 2097ac30d..61be60dc7 100644
--- a/rpc/jeth.go
+++ b/rpc/jeth.go
@@ -3,18 +3,18 @@ package rpc
 import (
 	"encoding/json"
 	"fmt"
+
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/jsre"
 	"github.com/robertkrimen/otto"
 )
 
 type Jeth struct {
 	ethApi *EthereumApi
-	toVal  func(interface{}) otto.Value
 	re     *jsre.JSRE
 }
 
-func NewJeth(ethApi *EthereumApi, toVal func(interface{}) otto.Value, re *jsre.JSRE) *Jeth {
-	return &Jeth{ethApi, toVal, re}
+func NewJeth(ethApi *EthereumApi, re *jsre.JSRE) *Jeth {
+	return &Jeth{ethApi, re}
 }
 
 func (self *Jeth) err(call otto.FunctionCall, code int, msg string, id interface{}) (response otto.Value) {