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authorWei-Ning Huang <w@byzantine-lab.io>2019-06-12 17:31:08 +0800
committerWei-Ning Huang <w@byzantine-lab.io>2019-09-17 16:57:29 +0800
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tree086b7827d46a4d07b834cd94be73beaabb77b734 /vendor/github.com/dexon-foundation/mcl/readme.md
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-[![Build Status](https://travis-ci.org/herumi/mcl.png)](https://travis-ci.org/herumi/mcl)
-
-# mcl
-
-A portable and fast pairing-based cryptography library.
-
-# Abstract
-
-mcl is a library for pairing-based cryptography.
-The current version supports the optimal Ate pairing over BN curves and BLS12-381 curves.
-
-# News
-* (Break backward compatibility) libmcl_dy.a is renamed to libmcl.a
- * The option SHARE_BASENAME_SUF is removed
-* 2nd argument of `mclBn_init` is changed from `maxUnitSize` to `compiledTimeVar`, which must be `MCLBN_COMPILED_TIME_VAR`.
-* break backward compatibility of mapToGi for BLS12. A map-to-function for BN is used.
-If `MCL_USE_OLD_MAPTO_FOR_BLS12` is defined, then the old function is used, but this will be removed in the future.
-
-# Support architecture
-
-* x86-64 Windows + Visual Studio
-* x86, x86-64 Linux + gcc/clang
-* ARM Linux
-* ARM64 Linux
-* (maybe any platform to be supported by LLVM)
-* WebAssembly
-
-# Support curves
-
-p(z) = 36z^4 + 36z^3 + 24z^2 + 6z + 1.
-
-* BN254 ; a BN curve over the 254-bit prime p(z) where z = -(2^62 + 2^55 + 1).
-* BN\_SNARK1 ; a BN curve over a 254-bit prime p such that n := p + 1 - t has high 2-adicity.
-* BN381\_1 ; a BN curve over the 381-bit prime p(z) where z = -(2^94 + 2^76 + 2^72 + 1).
-* BN462 ; a BN curve over the 462-bit prime p(z) where z = 2^114 + 2^101 - 2^14 - 1.
-* BLS12\_381 ; [a BLS12-381 curve](https://blog.z.cash/new-snark-curve/)
-
-# Benchmark
-
-## The latest benchmark(2018/11/7)
-
-### Intel Core i7-6700 3.4GHz(Skylake), Ubuntu 18.04.1 LTS
-
-curveType | binary|clang-6.0.0|gcc-7.3.0|
-----------|--------------------|-----------|---------|
-BN254 | bin/bn\_test.exe| 882Kclk| 933Kclk|
-BLS12-381 | bin/bls12\_test.exe| 2290Kclk| 2630Kclk|
-
-### Intel Core i7-7700 3.6GHz(Kaby Lake), Ubuntu 18.04.1 LTS on Windows 10 Vmware
-
-curveType | binary|clang-6.0.0|gcc-7.3.0|
-----------|--------------------|-----------|---------|
-BN254 | bin/bn\_test.exe| 900Kclk| 954Kclk|
-BLS12-381 | bin/bls12\_test.exe| 2340Kclk| 2680Kclk|
-
-* now investigating the reason why gcc is slower than clang.
-
-## Higher-bit BN curve benchmark
-
-For JavaScript(WebAssembly), see [ID based encryption demo](https://herumi.github.io/mcl-wasm/ibe-demo.html).
-
-paramter | x64| Firefox on x64|Safari on iPhone7|
------------|-----|---------------|-----------------|
-BN254 | 0.25| 2.48| 4.78|
-BN381\_1 | 0.95| 7.91| 11.74|
-BN462 | 2.16| 14.73| 22.77|
-
-* x64 : 'Kaby Lake Core i7-7700(3.6GHz)'.
-* Firefox : 64-bit version 58.
-* iPhone7 : iOS 11.2.1.
-* BN254 is by `test/bn_test.cpp`.
-* BN381\_1 and BN462 are by `test/bn512_test.cpp`.
-* All the timings are given in ms(milliseconds).
-
-The other benchmark results are [bench.txt](bench.txt).
-
-## An old benchmark of a BN curve BN254(2016/12/25).
-
-* x64, x86 ; Inte Core i7-6700 3.4GHz(Skylake) upto 4GHz on Ubuntu 16.04.
- * `sudo cpufreq-set -g performance`
-* arm ; 900MHz quad-core ARM Cortex-A7 on Raspberry Pi2, Linux 4.4.11-v7+
-* arm64 ; 1.2GHz ARM Cortex-A53 [HiKey](http://www.96boards.org/product/hikey/)
-
-software | x64| x86| arm|arm64(msec)
----------------------------------------------------------|------|-----|----|-----
-[ate-pairing](https://github.com/herumi/ate-pairing) | 0.21 | - | - | -
-mcl | 0.31 | 1.6 |22.6| 3.9
-[TEPLA](http://www.cipher.risk.tsukuba.ac.jp/tepla/) | 1.76 | 3.7 | 37 | 17.9
-[RELIC](https://github.com/relic-toolkit/relic) PRIME=254| 0.30 | 3.5 | 36 | -
-[MIRACL](https://github.com/miracl/MIRACL) ake12bnx | 4.2 | - | 78 | -
-[NEONabe](http://sandia.cs.cinvestav.mx/Site/NEONabe) | - | - | 16 | -
-
-* compile option for RELIC
-```
-cmake -DARITH=x64-asm-254 -DFP_PRIME=254 -DFPX_METHD="INTEG;INTEG;LAZYR" -DPP_METHD="LAZYR;OATEP"
-```
-
-# Installation Requirements
-
-* [GMP](https://gmplib.org/) and OpenSSL
-```
-apt install libgmp-dev libssl-dev
-```
-
-Create a working directory (e.g., work) and clone the following repositories.
-```
-mkdir work
-cd work
-git clone git://github.com/herumi/mcl
-git clone git://github.com/herumi/cybozulib_ext ; for only Windows
-```
-* Cybozulib\_ext is a prerequisite for running OpenSSL and GMP on VC (Visual C++).
-
-# (Option) Without GMP
-```
-make MCL_USE_GMP=0
-```
-Define `MCL_USE_VINT` before including `bn.hpp`
-
-# (Option) Without Openssl
-```
-make MCL_USE_OPENSSL=0
-```
-Define `MCL_DONT_USE_OPENSSL` before including `bn.hpp`
-
-# Build and test on x86-64 Linux, macOS, ARM and ARM64 Linux
-To make lib/libmcl.a and test it:
-```
-cd work/mcl
-make test
-```
-To benchmark a pairing:
-```
-bin/bn_test.exe
-```
-To make sample programs:
-```
-make sample
-```
-
-if you want to change compiler options for optimization, then set `CFLAGS_OPT_USER`.
-```
-make CLFAGS_OPT_USER="-O2"
-```
-
-## Build for 32-bit Linux
-Build openssl and gmp for 32-bit mode and install `<lib32>`
-```
-make ARCH=x86 CFLAGS_USER="-I <lib32>/include" LDFLAGS_USER="-L <lib32>/lib -Wl,-rpath,<lib32>/lib"
-```
-
-## Build for 64-bit Windows
-1) make static library and use it
-
-```
-mklib
-mk -s test\bn_c256_test.cpp
-bin\bn_c256_test.exe
-```
-2) make dynamic library and use it
-
-```
-mklib dll
-mk -d test\bn_c256_test.cpp
-bin\bn_c256_test.exe
-```
-
-open mcl.sln and build or if you have msbuild.exe
-```
-msbuild /p:Configuration=Release
-```
-
-## Build with cmake
-For Linux,
-```
-mkdir build
-cd build
-cmake ..
-make
-```
-For Visual Studio,
-```
-mkdir build
-cd build
-cmake .. -A x64
-msbuild mcl.sln /p:Configuration=Release /m
-```
-## Build for wasm(WebAssembly)
-mcl supports emcc (Emscripten) and `test/bn_test.cpp` runs on browers such as Firefox, Chrome and Edge.
-
-* [IBE on browser](https://herumi.github.io/mcl-wasm/ibe-demo.html)
-* [SHE on browser](https://herumi.github.io/she-wasm/she-demo.html)
-* [BLS signature on brower](https://herumi.github.io/bls-wasm/bls-demo.html)
-
-The timing of a pairing on `BN254` is 2.8msec on 64-bit Firefox with Skylake 3.4GHz.
-
-### Node.js
-
-* [mcl-wasm](https://www.npmjs.com/package/mcl-wasm) pairing library
-* [bls-wasm](https://www.npmjs.com/package/bls-wasm) BLS signature library
-* [she-wasm](https://www.npmjs.com/package/she-wasm) 2 Level Homomorphic Encryption library
-
-### SELinux
-mcl uses Xbyak JIT engine if it is available on x64 architecture,
-otherwise mcl uses a little slower functions generated by LLVM.
-The default mode enables SELinux security policy on CentOS, then JIT is disabled.
-```
-% sudo setenforce 1
-% getenforce
-Enforcing
-% bin/bn_test.exe
-JIT 0
-pairing 1.496Mclk
-finalExp 581.081Kclk
-
-% sudo setenforce 0
-% getenforce
-Permissive
-% bin/bn_test.exe
-JIT 1
-pairing 1.394Mclk
-finalExp 546.259Kclk
-```
-
-# Libraries
-
-* G1 and G2 is defined over Fp
-* The order of G1 and G2 is r.
-* Use `bn256.hpp` if only BN254 is used.
-
-## C++ library
-
-* libmcl.a ; static C++ library of mcl
-* libmcl.so ; shared C++ library of mcl
-* the default parameter of curveType is BN254
-
-header |support curveType |sizeof Fr|sizeof Fp|
---------------|-------------------------|---------|---------|
-bn256.hpp |BN254 | 32 | 32 |
-bls12_381.hpp |BLS12_381, BN254 | 32 | 48 |
-bn384.hpp |BN381_1, BLS12_381, BN254| 48 | 48 |
-
-## C library
-
-* Define `MCLBN_FR_UNIT_SIZE` and `MCLBN_FP_UNIT_SIZE` and include bn.h
-* set `MCLBN_FR_UNIT_SIZE = MCLBN_FP_UNIT_SIZE` unless `MCLBN_FR_UNIT_SIZE` is defined
-
-
-library |MCLBN_FR_UNIT_SIZE|MCLBN_FP_UNIT_SIZE|
-------------------|------------------|------------------|
-sizeof | Fr | Fp |
-libmclbn256.a | 4 | 4 |
-libmclbn384_256.a | 4 | 6 |
-libmclbn384.a | 6 | 6 |
-
-
-* libmclbn*.a ; static C library
-* libmclbn*.so ; shared C library
-
-### 2nd argument of `mclBn_init`
-Specify `MCLBN_COMPILED_TIME_VAR` to 2nd argument of `mclBn_init`, which
-is defined as `MCLBN_FR_UNIT_SIZE * 10 + MCLBN_FP_UNIT_SIZE`.
-This parameter is used to make sure that the values are the same when the library is built and used.
-
-# How to initialize pairing library
-Call `mcl::bn256::initPairing` before calling any operations.
-```
-#include <mcl/bn256.hpp>
-mcl::bn::CurveParam cp = mcl::BN254; // or mcl::BN_SNARK1
-mcl::bn256::initPairing(cp);
-mcl::bn256::G1 P(...);
-mcl::bn256::G2 Q(...);
-mcl::bn256::Fp12 e;
-mcl::bn256::pairing(e, P, Q);
-```
-1. (BN254) a BN curve over the 254-bit prime p = p(z) where z = -(2^62 + 2^55 + 1).
-2. (BN_SNARK1) a BN curve over a 254-bit prime p such that n := p + 1 - t has high 2-adicity.
-3. BN381_1 with `mcl/bn384.hpp`.
-4. BN462 with `mcl/bn512.hpp`.
-
-See [test/bn_test.cpp](https://github.com/herumi/mcl/blob/master/test/bn_test.cpp).
-
-## Default constructor of Fp, Ec, etc.
-A default constructor does not initialize the instance.
-Set a valid value before reffering it.
-
-## Definition of groups
-
-The curve equation for a BN curve is:
-
- E/Fp: y^2 = x^3 + b .
-
-* the cyclic group G1 is instantiated as E(Fp)[n] where n := p + 1 - t;
-* the cyclic group G2 is instantiated as the inverse image of E'(Fp^2)[n] under a twisting isomorphism phi from E' to E; and
-* the pairing e: G1 x G2 -> Fp12 is the optimal ate pairing.
-
-The field Fp12 is constructed via the following tower:
-
-* Fp2 = Fp[u] / (u^2 + 1)
-* Fp6 = Fp2[v] / (v^3 - Xi) where Xi = u + 1
-* Fp12 = Fp6[w] / (w^2 - v)
-* GT = { x in Fp12 | x^r = 1 }
-
-
-## Arithmetic operations
-
-G1 and G2 is additive group and has the following operations:
-
-* T::add(T& z, const T& x, const T& y); // z = x + y
-* T::sub(T& z, const T& x, const T& y); // z = x - y
-* T::neg(T& y, const T& x); // y = -x
-* T::mul(T& z, const T& x, const INT& y); // z = y times scalar multiplication of x
-
-Remark: &z == &x or &y are allowed. INT means integer type such as Fr, int and mpz_class.
-
-`T::mul` uses GLV method then `G2::mul` returns wrong value if x is not in G2.
-Use `T::mulGeneric(T& z, const T& x, const INT& y)` for x in phi^-1(E'(Fp^2)) - G2.
-
-Fp, Fp2, Fp6 and Fp12 have the following operations:
-
-* T::add(T& z, const T& x, const T& y); // z = x + y
-* T::sub(T& z, const T& x, const T& y); // z = x - y
-* T::mul(T& z, const T& x, const T& y); // z = x * y
-* T::div(T& z, const T& x, const T& y); // z = x / y
-* T::neg(T& y, const T& x); // y = -x
-* T::inv(T& y, const T& x); // y = 1/x
-* T::pow(T& z, const T& x, const INT& y); // z = x^y
-* Fp12::unitaryInv(T& y, const T& x); // y = conjugate of x
-
-Remark: `Fp12::mul` uses GLV method then returns wrong value if x is not in GT.
-Use `Fp12::mulGeneric` for x in Fp12 - GT.
-
-## Map To points
-
-Use these functions to make a point of G1 and G2.
-
-* mapToG1(G1& P, const Fp& x); // assume x != 0
-* mapToG2(G2& P, const Fp2& x);
-* hashAndMapToG1(G1& P, const void *buf, size_t bufSize); // set P by the hash value of [buf, bufSize)
-* hashAndMapToG2(G2& P, const void *buf, size_t bufSize);
-
-These functions maps x into Gi according to [\[_Faster hashing to G2_\]].
-
-## String format of G1 and G2
-G1 and G2 have three elements of Fp (x, y, z) for Jacobi coordinate.
-normalize() method normalizes it to affine coordinate (x, y, 1) or (0, 0, 0).
-
-getStr() method gets
-
-* `0` ; infinity
-* `1 <x> <y>` ; not compressed format
-* `2 <x>` ; compressed format for even y
-* `3 <x>` ; compressed format for odd y
-
-## Generator of G1 and G2
-
-If you want to use the same generators of BLS12-381 with [zkcrypto](https://github.com/zkcrypto/pairing/tree/master/src/bls12_381#g2) then,
-
-```
-// G1 P
-P.setStr('1 3685416753713387016781088315183077757961620795782546409894578378688607592378376318836054947676345821548104185464507 1339506544944476473020471379941921221584933875938349620426543736416511423956333506472724655353366534992391756441569')
-
-// G2 Q
-Q.setStr('1 352701069587466618187139116011060144890029952792775240219908644239793785735715026873347600343865175952761926303160 3059144344244213709971259814753781636986470325476647558659373206291635324768958432433509563104347017837885763365758 1985150602287291935568054521177171638300868978215655730859378665066344726373823718423869104263333984641494340347905 927553665492332455747201965776037880757740193453592970025027978793976877002675564980949289727957565575433344219582')
-```
-
-## Serialization format of G1 and G2
-
-pseudo-code to serialize of p
-```
-if bit-length(p) % 8 != 0:
- size = Fp::getByteSize()
- if p is zero:
- return [0] * size
- else:
- s = x.serialize()
- # x in Fp2 is odd <=> x.a is odd
- if y is odd:
- s[byte-length(s) - 1] |= 0x80
- return s
-else:
- size = Fp::getByteSize() + 1
- if p is zero:
- return [0] * size
- else:
- s = x.serialize()
- if y is odd:
- return 2:s
- else:
- return 3:s
-```
-
-## Verify an element in G2
-`G2::isValid()` checks that the element is in the curve of G2 and the order of it is r for subgroup attack.
-`G2::set()`, `G2::setStr` and `operator<<` also check the order.
-If you check it out of the library, then you can stop the verification by calling `G2::verifyOrderG2(false)`.
-
-# How to make asm files (optional)
-The asm files generated by this way are already put in `src/asm`, then it is not necessary to do this.
-
-Install [LLVM](http://llvm.org/).
-```
-make MCL_USE_LLVM=1 LLVM_VER=<llvm-version> UPDATE_ASM=1
-```
-For example, specify `-3.8` for `<llvm-version>` if `opt-3.8` and `llc-3.8` are installed.
-
-If you want to use Fp with 1024-bit prime on x86-64, then
-```
-make MCL_USE_LLVM=1 LLVM_VER=<llvm-version> UPDATE_ASM=1 MCL_MAX_BIT_SIZE=1024
-```
-
-# API for Two level homomorphic encryption
-* [_Efficient Two-level Homomorphic Encryption in Prime-order Bilinear Groups and A Fast Implementation in WebAssembly_](https://dl.acm.org/citation.cfm?doid=3196494.3196552), N. Attrapadung, G. Hanaoka, S. Mitsunari, Y. Sakai,
-K. Shimizu, and T. Teruya. ASIACCS 2018
-* [she-api](https://github.com/herumi/mcl/blob/master/misc/she/she-api.md)
-* [she-api(Japanese)](https://github.com/herumi/mcl/blob/master/misc/she/she-api-ja.md)
-
-# Java API
-See [java.md](https://github.com/herumi/mcl/blob/master/java/java.md)
-
-# License
-
-modified new BSD License
-http://opensource.org/licenses/BSD-3-Clause
-
-This library contains some part of the followings software licensed by BSD-3-Clause.
-* [xbyak](https://github.com/heurmi/xbyak)
-* [cybozulib](https://github.com/heurmi/cybozulib)
-* [Lifted-ElGamal](https://github.com/aistcrypt/Lifted-ElGamal)
-
-# References
-* [ate-pairing](https://github.com/herumi/ate-pairing/)
-* [_Faster Explicit Formulas for Computing Pairings over Ordinary Curves_](http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-20465-4_5),
- D.F. Aranha, K. Karabina, P. Longa, C.H. Gebotys, J. Lopez,
- EUROCRYPTO 2011, ([preprint](http://eprint.iacr.org/2010/526))
-* [_High-Speed Software Implementation of the Optimal Ate Pairing over Barreto-Naehrig Curves_](http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-17455-1_2),
- Jean-Luc Beuchat, Jorge Enrique González Díaz, Shigeo Mitsunari, Eiji Okamoto, Francisco Rodríguez-Henríquez, Tadanori Teruya,
- Pairing 2010, ([preprint](http://eprint.iacr.org/2010/354))
-* [_Faster hashing to G2_](http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-28496-0_25),Laura Fuentes-Castañeda, Edward Knapp, Francisco Rodríguez-Henríquez,
- SAC 2011, ([preprint](https://eprint.iacr.org/2008/530))
-* [_Skew Frobenius Map and Efficient Scalar Multiplication for Pairing–Based Cryptography_](https://www.researchgate.net/publication/221282560_Skew_Frobenius_Map_and_Efficient_Scalar_Multiplication_for_Pairing-Based_Cryptography),
-Y. Sakemi, Y. Nogami, K. Okeya, Y. Morikawa, CANS 2008.
-
-# History
-
-* 2019/Mar/22 v0.92 shortcut for Ec::mul(Px, P, x) if P = 0
-* 2019/Mar/21 python binding of she256 for Linux/Mac/Windows
-* 2019/Mar/14 v0.91 modp supports mcl-wasm
-* 2019/Mar/12 v0.90 fix Vint::setArray(x) for x == this
-* 2019/Mar/07 add mclBnFr_setLittleEndianMod, mclBnFp_setLittleEndianMod
-* 2019/Feb/20 LagrangeInterpolation sets out = yVec[0] if k = 1
-* 2019/Jan/31 add mclBnFp_mapToG1, mclBnFp2_mapToG2
-* 2019/Jan/31 fix crash on x64-CPU without AVX (thanks to mortdeus)
-
-# Author
-
-光成滋生 MITSUNARI Shigeo(herumi@nifty.com)